Skip to main content

The Extraperitoneal Spaces: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy

  • Chapter

Abstract

The extraperitoneal portion of the abdomen has always been considered a difficult region in terms of anatomic definitions, clinical evaluation, and radiologic diagnosis. Anatomically, it has been vaguely considered as occupying the posterior half of the abdomen, without well-defined fascial boundaries. Clinically, it is commonly recognized that extraperitoneal effusions are difficult to diagnose. The area is not accessible to the bedside modalities of auscultation, palpation, or percussion. Symptoms and signs may be obscure, delayed, nonspecific, or misleading.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Altemeier WA, Alexander JW: Retroperitoneal abscess. Arch Surg 83: 512–524, 1961

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bacon RD: Respiratory pyelography: A study of renal motion in health and disease. Am J Roentgenol 44: 71, 1940

    Google Scholar 

  3. Christensen EE, Landay MJ: Visible muscle of the diaphragm: Sign of extraperitoneal air. Am J Roentgenol 135: 521–523, 1980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Congdon ED, Edson JN: The cone of renal fascia in the adult white male. Anat Rec 80: 289–313, 1941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Crabtree EG: Pararenal pseudo-hydronephrosis: With report of three cases. Trans Am Assoc Genitourinary Surg 28: 9–40, 1935

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cullen TS: A new sign in ruptured extrauterine pregnancy. Am J Obstet 78: 457, 1918

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dembner AG, Jaffe CC, Simeone J, et al: A new computed tomographic sign of pancreatitis. Am J Roentgenol 133: 477–479, 1979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Elkin M, Cohen, G: Diagnostic value of the psoas shadow. Clin Radiol 13: 210–217, 1962

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Engel WJ, Page IH: Hypertension due to renal compression resulting from subcapsular hematoma. J Urol 73: 735–739, 1955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Evans JA, Meyers MA, Bosniak MA: Acute renal and perirenal infections. Semin Roentgenol 6: 274–291, 1971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fallis LS: Cullen’s sign in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 106: 54–56, 1937

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Frank IN, Wieche DR: Nephrotomographic appearance of spontaneous subcapsular hemorrhage. Radiology 89: 477–482, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gerota D: Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Befestigungsapparates der Niere. Arch Anat Entwcklngsgesch 265–286, 1895

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ginzburg, L, Oppenheimer GD: Urological complications of regional ileitis. J Urol 59: 948–952, 1948

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hudson HG, Hundley RR: Pararenal pseudocyst. J Urol 97: 439–443, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hurwitz, SP, Weisenthal CL: Pararenal pseudocyst. J Urol 97: 8–15, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Jeffrey RB, Callen PW, Federle MP: Computed tomography of psoas abscesses. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4: 639–641, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Johnson CM, Smith DR: Calcified perirenal pseudohydronephrosis: Hydronephrosis with communicating perirenal cyst with calcification. J Urol 45: 152–164, 1941

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kark RM, Muehrcke RC, Pollack VE, et al: An analysis of 500 percutaneous renal biopsies. Arch Intern Med 101: 439–450, 1958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Koehler PR, Talner LB, Friedenberg MJ, et al: Association of subcapsular hematomas with nonfunctioning kidney. Radiology 101: 537–542, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  21. Love L, Churchill R, Reynes C, et al: Computed tomography staging of renal carcinoma. Urol Radiol 1: 3–10, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Love L, Meyers MA, Churchill RJ, et al: Computed tomography of extraperitoneal spaces. Am J Roentgenol 136: 781–789, 1981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mackenzie AR: Spontaneous subcapsular renal hematoma: Report of case misdiagnosed as acute appendicitis. J Urol 84: 243–245, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Marshall WH, Jr, Castellino RA: Hypertension produced by constricting capsular renal lesions (“Page” kidney) . Radiology 101: 561–565, 1971

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mendez G Jr, Isikoff MB, Hill MC: CT of acute pancreatitis: Interim assessment. Am J Roentgenol 135: 463–469, 1980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Meyer HI: The reaction of retroperitoneal tissue to infection. Ann Surg 99: 246–250, 1934

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Meyers MA: Diseases of the Adrenal Glands. Radiologic Diagnosis with Emphasis on the Use of Presacral Retroperitoneal Pneumography. CC Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1963, pp. 11–15, 20

    Google Scholar 

  28. Meyers MA: Roentgen significance of the phrenicocolic ligament. Radiology 95: 539–545, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Meyers MA: The spread and localization of acute intraperitoneal effusions. Radiology 95: 547–554, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Meyers MA: Acute extraperitoneal infection. Semin Roentgenol 8: 445–464, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Meyers MA: Radiologic features of the spread and localization of extraperitoneal gas and their relationship to its source: An anatomical approach. Radiology 111: 17–26, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Meyers MA: Uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst: New observations. Radiology 117: 539–545, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Meyers MA, Evans JA: Effects of pancreatitis on the small bowel and colon: Spread along mesenteric planes. Am J Roentgenol 119: 151–165, 1973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Meyers MA, Friedenberg RM, King MC, et al: The significance of the renal capsular arteries. Br J Radiol 40: 949–956, 1967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Meyers MA, Oliphant M: Ascending retrocecal appendicitis. Radiology 110: 295–299, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Meyers MA, Volberg F, Katzen B, et al: Haustral anatomy and pathology: A new look. I. Roentgen identification of normal patterns and relationships. Radiology 108: 497–504, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Meyers MA, Volberg F, Katzen B, et al: Haustral anatomy and pathology: A new look. II. Roentgen interpretation of pathological alterations. Radiology 108: 505–512, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Meyers MA, Whalen JP, Evans JA: Diagnosis of perirenal and subcapsular masses: Anatomic-radiologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol Rad Ther Nucl Med 121: 523–538, 1974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Meyers MA, Whalen JP, Peelle K, et al: Radiologic features of extraperitoneal effusions: An anatomic approach. Radiology 104: 249–257, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mitchell GAG: The renal fascia. Br J Surg 37: 257, 1950

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Morgan GL Jr, Grossman H: Posterior uretheral valves as a cause of neonatal uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst (urinoma). Pediat Radiol 7: 29–32, 1978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Mukamel E, Nissenkorn I, Avidor I, et al: Spontaneous rupture of renal and ureteral tumors presenting as acute abdominal condition. J Urol 122: 696–698, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Myerson, PJ, Berg, GR, Spencer RP, et al: Gallium-67 spread to the anterior pararenal space in pancreatitis: Case report. J Nucl Med 18: 893–895, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Nesbit RM, Dick VS: Pulmonary complications of acute renal and perirenal suppuration. Am J Roentgenol 44: 161–169, 1940

    Google Scholar 

  45. Nichols GB, Schilling PJ: Pseudo-retroperitoneal gas in rupture of aneurysm of abdominal aorta. Am J Roentgenol 125: 134–137, 1975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Page IH: Production of persistent arterial hypertension by cellophane and perinephritis. JAMA 113: 2046–2048, 1939

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Parienty RA, Pradel J, Picard J-D, et al: Visibility and thickening of the renal fascia on computed tomograms. Radiology 139: 119–124, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Periureteric fibrosis. Editorial. Lancet 2: 780–781, 1957

    Google Scholar 

  49. Polkey HJ, Vynalek WJ: Spontaneous nontraumatic perirenal and renal hematomas: Experimental and clinical study. Arch Surg 26: 196–218, 1933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Pollack HJ, Popky G: Spontaneous subcapsular renal hemorrhage: Its significance and roentgeno-graphic diagnosis. J Urol 108: 530–533, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Pollack HM, Popky GL: Roentgenographic manifestations of spontaneous renal hemorrhage. Radiology 110: 1–6, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Presman D, Rolnick D, Portney F: Spontaneous perinephric hematoma secondary to renal tumor. Am J Surg 102: 586–593, 1961

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pyrah LN, Smiddy FG: Pararenal pseudohydrone-phrosis: A report of two cases. Br J Urol 25: 239–246, 1953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ralls PW, Boswell W, Henderson R, et al: CT of inflammatory disease of the psoas muscle. Am J Roentgenol 134: 767–770, 1980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Razzaboni G: Ricerche sperimentali sulla pseudoidronefrosi. Arch Ital Chir 6: 365–372, 1922

    Google Scholar 

  56. Robson CJ, Churchill BM, Anderson W: The results of radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 101: 297–301, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sauls CL, Nesbit RM: Pararenal pseudocysts: a report of four cases. J Urol 87: 288–296, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Schaner EG, Barlow JE, Doppman JL: Computed tomography in the diagnosis of subcapsular and perirenal hematoma. Am J Roentgenol 129: 83–88, 1977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Siegelman SS, Copeland BE, Saba GP, et al: CT of fluid collections associated with pancreatitis. Am J Roentgenol 134: 1121–1132, 1980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Skarby HG: Beitrage zur Diagnostik der Para-nephritiden mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Rontgenverfahrens. Acta Radiol Suppl 62: 1–165, 1946

    Google Scholar 

  61. Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, et al: Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma: A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases. Cancer 28: 1165–1177, 1979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Sperling L, Rigler LG: Traumatic retroperitoneal rupture of duodenum: description of valuable roentgen observations in its recognition. Radiology 29: 521–524, 1937

    Google Scholar 

  63. Stevenson EO, Ozeran RS: Retroperitoneal space abscesses. Surg Gynecol Obstet 128: 1202–1208, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Takahashi M, Tamakawa Y, Shibata A, et al: Computed tomography of “Page” kidney. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1: 344–348, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Thomas, JL, Bernardino ME: Neoplastic-induced renal vein enlargement. Sonographic evaluation. Am J Roentgenol 136: 75–79, 1981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Toxopeus MD, Lucas CE, Krabbenhoft KL: Roentgenographic diagnosis in blunt retroperitoneal duodenal rupture. Am J Roentgenol 115: 281–288, 1972

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Turner GG: Local discoloration of the abdominal wall as a sign of acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 7: 394–395, 1919

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Vermooten V: The mechanism of perinephric and perinephritic abscesses: A clinical and pathological study. J Urol 30: 181–193, 1933

    Google Scholar 

  69. Waters WB, Richie JP: Aggressive surgical approach to renal cell carcinoma: Review of 130 cases. J Urol 122: 306–309, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Watnick M, Spindola-Franco H, Abrams HL: Small hypernephroma with subcapsular hematoma and renal infarction. J Urol 108: 534–536, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Weintraub HD, Rall KL, Thompson IM, et al: Pararenal pseudocysts: Report of three cases. Am J Roentgenol 92: 286–290, 1964

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Weyman PJ, McClennan BL, Stanley RJ, et al: Comparison of computed tomography and angiography in the evaluation of renal cell carcinoma. Radiology 137: 417–424, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Whalen JP, Berne AS, Riemenschneider PA: The extraperitoneal perivisceral fat pad. I. Its role in the roentgenological visualization of abdominal organs. Radiology 92: 466–472, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wulsin, JH: Peptic ulcer of the posterior wall of the stomach and duodenum with retroperitoneal leak. Surg Gynec Obstet 134: 425–429, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Meyers, M.A. (1982). The Extraperitoneal Spaces: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy. In: Dynamic Radiology of the Abdomen. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3958-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3958-9_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-3960-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3958-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics