Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Rural Health pp 189–207Cite as

Chronic Disease in Rural Health

  • Chapter

Abstract

As a large proportion of the American population grows into old age, it is important to understand how long-term illnesses are affecting us. Chronic disease refers to a health-related state, lasting a long time, often defined as three months or longer (Timmreck, 1988). Risk factors for chronic diseases are genetic, environmental, behavioral, and social. For the purposes of this chapter, we will refer to behavioral and social risk factors as lifestyle factors in comparison to genetic or environmental factors. Some environmental factors may be related to lifestyle factors such as occupation; however, we will address these as environmental factors. Over the past decade there has been an increase in stress, sedentary lifestyles, high-density-population living, poor diet, crime, drugs, gangs, poverty, and pollution, many of which lead to chronic diseases (Timmreck, 1988). Rural health has been examined by looking at farmers, nonmetropolitan health centers, populations not adjacent to a metro area, and populations with less than 20,000 residents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Armstrong, W.,& Borman B. (1996). Breast cancer in New Zealand: Trends, patterns, and data quality. New Zealand Medical Journal, 109, 221–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannenberg, A. F. I., Ratt, H.,& Plomp, H. N. (1992). Demand for alcohol treatment by problem drinkers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 9 (1), 59–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. (1999). A focus on farming health in Iowa. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, A142–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckman, L. J.,& Kocel, K. M. (1982). The treatment–delivery system and alcohol abuse in women: Social policy implications. Journal of Social Issues, 38 (2), 139–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beebe, G. W., Kurtzke, J. F., Kurland, L. T., Auth. T. L.,& Nagler, B. (1967). Studies on the natural history of multiple sclerosis—3. Epidemiologic analysis of the army experience in World War II. Neurology, 17, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. B., Roesler, J. S., Zimmerman, B. R.,& Ballard, D. J. (1993). Diabetes. In R. C. Brownson, P. L. Remington,& J. R. Davis (Eds.), Chronic disease epidemiology and control (pp. 221––240 ). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, L. N., Manna, B., Maiti, P. K.,& Sengupta, S. (1997). Sexual risk factors for cervical cancer among rural Indian women: A case–control study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26 (3), 491–495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorksten, B. (1994). Risk factors in early childhood for the development of atopic diseases. Allergy, 49, 400–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D., George, L. K., Landerman, R., Pennybacker, M., Melville, M. L., Woodbury, M., Manton, K. G., Jordan, K.,& Locke, B. (1985). Psychiatric disorders: A rural/urban comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43 (12), 1142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bongers, P., Houthuijs, D., Remijn, B., Brouwer, R.,& Biersteker, K. (1987). Lung function and respiratory symptoms in pig farmers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44, 819–823.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, B. M., Ross, R. L.,& Rost, K. (1999). Rural and urban problem drinkers in six southern states. Substance Use & Misuse, 34 (4&5), 471–493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braback, L.,& Kalvesten, L. (1991). Urban living as a risk factor for atopic sensitization in Swedish schoolchildren. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, 2, 14–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Fahrlander, C. H., Gassner, M., Grize, L., Neu, U., Sennhausers, F. H., Varonier, H. S., Vuille, J. C., Wuthrich. B. (1999). Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensation in farmer’s children and their peers living in the same rural community. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 29, 28–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownson, R. C., Reif, J. S., Alavanja, M. C. R.,& Bal, D. G. (1993). Cancer. In R. C. Brownson, P. L. Remington,& J. R. Davis (Eds.), Chronic disease epidemiology and control (pp. 137–168 ). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, M. A.,& Beale, C. L. (1994). Rural–urban continuum codes for metro and nonmetro counties, 1993. (Staff report no. 9425.) Washington, DC: Agricultural and Rural Economy Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Washington, D.C.: Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, M. J., Jamrozik, K., Parsons, R. W., Fitzgerald, C. J., Dewar, J. M., Harvey, J. M., Sterrett, G. F., Ingram, D. M., Sheiner, H. J., Cameron, F. G. (1993). Breast cancer in Western Australia in 1989. II. Diagnosis and primary management. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Surgery, 63, 624–629. Chan–Yeung, M., Schulzer, M., MacLean, L., Dorken, E., Grzybowski, S. (1980). Epidemiologic health survey of grain elevator workers in British Colum–bia. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 121, 329–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chimonides, K. M.,& Frank, D. I. (1998). Rural and urban adolescents’ perceptions of mental health. Adolescence, 33 (132), 823–832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cockroft, A. E., McDermott, M., Edwards, J. H., McCarthy, P. (1983). Grain exposure–Symptoms and lung function. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 64, 189–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commerce Clearing House. (1990). Medicare and Medicaid guide. Chicago: Commerce Clearing House, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. E., Goodhead, D., Craig, T., Harris, M., Howat, J.,& Korer. J. (1987). The incidence of schizophrenia in Nottingham. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 619–626.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, D. J., Graham, B. L., Li, K. Y. R., Froh, F, Barnett, G. D., Dosman, J. A. (1983). Effects of grain dust exposure and smoking on respiratory symptoms and lung function. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 25, 131–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowell, B. A., Jr., George, L. K., Blazer, D.,& Landerman, R (1986). Psychosocial risk factors and urban/rural differences in the prevalence of major depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 307314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dassel, H. (1960). A survey of multiple sclerosis in a northern part of Scotland. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 35 (suppl. 147), 64–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, M. A., Bromet, E. J., Schulz, C., Dunn, L. O.,& Morgensterm, M. (1989). Community Adjustment of chronic schizophrenic patients in urban and rural settings. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40 (8), 824–830.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLeon, P. H., Wakefield, M., Schultz, A. J., Williams, J.,& VandenBos, G. R. (1989). Rural America, Unique opportunities for health care delivery and health services research. American Psychologist, 44 (10), 1298––1306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health and Human Services. (1993). Tak ing rural into account: Report on the National Public Forum. Lincoln, NE: Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devereux, G., Ayatollahi, T., Ward, R., Bromly, C., Bourke, S. J., Stenton, S. C.,& Hendrick, D. J. (1996). Asthma, airways responsiveness and air pollution in two contrasting districts of northern England. Thorax, 51, 169–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doll, R.,& Peto, R. (1981). The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donham, K. J.,& Mutel, C. R (1982). Agricultural medicine: The missing component of the rural health movement. Journal of Family Practice, 14, 511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donham, K., Haglind, P., Peterson, Y., Rylander, R.,& Belin L. (1989). Environmental and health studies of farm workers in Swedish swine confinement buildings. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 46, 31–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • do Pico, G. A. (1996). Lung (agricultural/rural).Otolaryngol Head and Neck Surgery, 114 (2), 212–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • do Pico, G. A., Raddan, W., Tsiatis, A., Peters, M. E.,& Rankin, J. (1984). Epidemiologic study of clinical and physiologic parameters in grain handlers of northern United States. American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 130, 759–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dosmon, J. A., Graham, B. L., Hall, D., VanLoon, P., Bhasin, P.,& Froh, F. (1987). Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in farmers. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 29, 38–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dottl, S. L.,& Greenley, J. R. (1997). Rural–urban differences in psychiatric status and functioning among clients with severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 33 (4), 311–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrow, D. C., Hunt, W. C.,& Samet, J. M. (1992). Geographic variation in the treatment of localized breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 1097–1101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortney, J. C., Lancaster, A. E., Owen, R. R.,& Zhang, M. (1998). Geographic market areas for psychiatric and medical outpatient treatment. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 25 (1), 108–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, G. M.,& Nelson, L. M. (1993). Chronic neurologic disorders. In R. C. Brownson, P. L. Remington,& J. R. Davis (Eds.), Chronic disease epidemiology and control (pp. 307–336 ). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furnival, C. M. (1997). Breast cancer in rural Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 166 (1), 25–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganguli, M., Mulsant, B., Richards, S., Stoehr, G.,& Mendelsohn, A. (1997). Antidepressant use over time in a rural older adult population: The Mo VIES project. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45 (12), 1501–1503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, S. K., Mishra, V. N., Bhatnagar, M., Singh, R. B., Srivastava, R. B.,& Garg, A. (1986). Chronic illness among rural population. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 42 (3), 60–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, J. E. (1997). Health service accessibility and deaths from asthma. Thorax, 52 (3), 205–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldring, J. M., James, D. S.,& Anderson, H. A. (1993). Chronic lung diseases. In R. C. Brownson, P. L. Remington,& J. R. Davis (Eds.), Chronic disease epidemiology and control (pp. 169–198 ). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorell, J. M., Johnson, C. C., Rybicki, B. A., Peterson, E. L.,& Richardson, R. J. (1998). The risk of Parkinson’s disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology, 50 (5), 1346–1350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, K., Gureje, O., Gao, S., Ogunniyi, A., Hui, S. L., Baiyewu, O., Unverzagt, R W., Oluwole, S.,& Hendrie, H. C. (1998). Risk factors and Alzheimer’s disease: A comparative study of two communities. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32 (5), 698–706.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvei, S., Tretli, S., Langmark, E (1996). Cancer of the prostate in Norway, 1957–1991: A descriptive study. European Journal of Cancer, 32A (1), 111–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, J., Klag, M. J., Wu, Z., Qian, M. C., Chen, J. Y., Mo, P. S., He, Q. O.,& Whelton, P. K. (1996) Effect of migration and related environmental changes on serum lipid levels in southwestern Chinese men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144(9), 839848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, L. L. (1992). Access and utilization; special populations–special needs. In L. A. Straub & N. Walzer (Eds.), Rural health care: Innovations in a changing environment (pp. 20–25 ). London: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, M. E. (1991). The demographic distribution of drinking patterns in 1984. In W. B. Clark & M. E. Hilton (Eds.), Alcohol in America: Drinking practices and problems (pp. 75–86 ). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hingson, R., Scotch, N., Day, N.,& Culbert, A. (1980). Recognizing and seeking help for drinking problems: A study in the Boston metropolitan area. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 41, 1102–1117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hingson, R., Mangione, T., Meyers, A., Scotch, N. (1982). Recognizing and seeking help for drinking problems: A study in the Boston metropolitan area. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 43 (3), 273–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hochberg, M. C. (1992) Arthritis and connective tissue diseases. In J. Thoene (Ed.), Physician’s guide to rare diseases (pp. 907–959 ). Montvale, NJ: Dowden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howland, R. H. (1995). The treatment of persons with dual diagnoses in a rural community. Psychiatry Quarterly, 66 (1), 33–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubble, J. P., Cao, T., Hassanein, R. E., Neuberger, J. S.,& Koller, W. C. (1993). Risk factors for Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 43 (9), 1693–1697.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, D. O., Gillum, R. F. (1989). Regional and urbanization differentials in coronary heart disease mortality in the United States, 1968–1985. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 42, 857–868.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1980). An evaluation of chemicals and industrial processes associated with cancer in humans based on human and animal data. Cancer Research, 40, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iverson, M., Dahl, R., Korsgaard, J., Hallas, T.,& Jensen, E. J. (1988). Respiratory symptoms in Danish fanners: An epidemiological study of risk factors. Thorax, 43, 872–877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. P., Bentham, G. (1997). Health service accessibility and deaths from asthma in 401 local authority districts in England and Whales, 1988––1992. Thorax, 52, 218–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordon, C. M., Oei, T. P. S. (1989). Help–seeking behavior in problem drinkers: A review. British Journal of Addiction, 84, 979–988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, J. M., Linder, G. F., Renner, J. B., Fryer, J. G. (1995). The impact of arthritis in rural populations. Arthritis Care & Research, 8 (4), 242–250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kann, L., Warren, C. W., Harris, W. A., Collins. J. L., Williams, B. I., Ross, J. G.,& Kolbe, L. J. (1996). Youth risk behavior surveillance–United States, 1995. Journal of School Health, 66 (10), 365–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. M., Alcaraz, J. E., Anderson, J. P.,& Weisman, M. (1996). Quality-adjusted life years lost to arthritis, effects of gender, race, and social class. Arthritis Care Research, 9 (6), 473–482.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J. S., Owoaje, E. E., James, S. A., Rotimi, C. N.,& Cooper, R. S. (1996). Determinants of hypertension in West Africa: Contribution of anthropometric and dietary factors to urban–rural and socioeconomic gradients. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143 (12), 1203–1218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, B., Anderson, H. R., Austin, J., Burr, M., Harkins, L. S., Strachan, D. E,& Warner, J. O. (1998). Prevalence of asthma symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in 12–14 year old children across Great Britain. British Medical Journal, 316, 118–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, K. (1974). Occupational cancer risks for pesticide workers. Environmental Research, 7, 243–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller–Byrne, J. E., Khuder, S. A.,& Schaub, E. A. (1997). Meta–analyses of prostate cancer and farming. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 31 (5), 580–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey, J. L,& Hochberg, M. C. (1988). Epidemiology of chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Annual Review of Public Health, 9, 379–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kronqvist, M., Johansson, E., Pershagen, G., Johansson, S. G.,& van Hage–Hamsten M. (1999). Increasing prevalence of asthma over 12 years among dairy farmers on Gotland, Sweden: Storage mites remain dominant allergens. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 29 (1), 35–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labarthe, D. R., Eissa, M.,& Varas, C. (1991). Childhood precursors of high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol. Annual Review of Public Health, 12, 519–541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lantz, P. M., Weigers, M. E.,& House, J. S. (1997). Education and income differentials in breast and cervical cancer screening. Policy implications for rural women. Medical Care, 35 (3), 219–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, O. F. (1978). Values and beliefs of rural people. In T. R. Ford (Ed.), Rural USA: Persistence and change (pp. 33–35 ). Ames: Iowa State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauer, K.,& Fimhaber, W. (1985). Epidemiological investigations into multiple sclerosis in Southern Hesse: The influence of urban and rural environment on disease risk. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 72, 403–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lensky, P. (1979). Geographical disproportions of multiple sclerosis in Czechoslovakia. Geographia Medica, 9, 1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Link, B.,& Dohrenwend, B. P. (1980). Formulation of hypotheses about the ratio of untreated to treated cases in the true prevalence studies of functional psychiatric disorders in adults in the United States. In B. D. Dohrenwend & B. S. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Mental illness in the United States: Epidemiological estimates (pp. 1–161 ). New York: Praeger Special Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mental illness in the United States: Epidemiological estimates (pp. 1–161). New York: Praeger Special Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, T. K., Schenck, J. E., Leukefeld, C. G., Meyers, J.,& Allen, S. (1999). Rural attitudes, opinions, and drug use. Substance Use Misuse, 34 (4&5), 545–565.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masala, G., Di Lollo, S., Picoco, C., Crosignani, P., Demicheli, V., Fontana, A., Funto, I., Miligi, L., Nanni, O., Papucci, A., Ramazzotti, V., Rodella, S., Stagnaro, E., Tumino, R., Vigano, C., Seniori Costantini, A.,& Vineis, P. (1996). Incidence rates of leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas in Italy: Geographic distribution and NHL histotypes. International Journal of Cancer, 68 (2), 156–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, D. C., Mutch, P. B., Kilcher, C., Inciardi, J. A., McCoy, H. V.,& Pottieger, A. E. (1996). Barriers to treatment among crack–dependent and other drug–abusing inner city women. In D. D. Chitwood, J. E. Rivers & J. A. Inciardi (Eds.), The American Pipe Dream, Crack, Cocaine, and the Inner City (pp. 7–10 ). Ft. Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metsch, L. R.,& McCoy, C. B. (1999). Drug treatment experiences: Rural and urban comparisons. Substance Use & Misuse, 34 (4&5), 763–784.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, F. T. (1982). Emergency crisis services in rural mental health centers. In P. A. Keller & J. D. Murray (Eds), Handbook of rural community mental health (pp. 1–230 ). New York: Human Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A. B. (1992). Planning cancer control strategies. In Health and Welfare (Eds.), Chronic diseases in Canada. Vol. 13, No. 1. Toronto, Ontario: Health and Welfare.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mintzer, C. L., Culp, J.,& Puskin, D. S. (1992). Health care reform: What it means for rural America.Rockville, MD: National Advisory Committee on Rural Health, Office of Rural Health Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. C., Smyth, J. T., Lister, R. W., Pethybridge, R. J., Gilson, J. C. Callaghan, P.,& Thomas, G. O. (1975). Chest symptoms in farming communities with special reference to farmer’s lung. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 32, 228–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J. D.,& Keller, P. A. (1991). Psychology and rural America. American Psychologist, 46(3), 220231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mushak, E. W.,& Piver, W. T. (1992). Agricultural chemical utilization and human health. Environmental Health Prospectives, 97, 269–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (1994). Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1992. Vital & Health Statistics Series 10: Data from the National Health Survey, 10, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. (1989). MMWR, 38 (9), 147–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neutel, C. I. (1980). Multiple sclerosis and the Canadian climate. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 33, 47–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Technology Assessment. (1990). Health care in rural America (OTA–H–434). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradiso, G., Tripoli, J., Galicchio, S.,& Fejerman, N. (1999). Epidemiological, clinical, and electrodiagnostic findings in childhood Guillain–Barre syndrome: A reappraisal. Annals of Neurology, 46 (5), 701–707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, T. A.,& Lewis, C. (1998). Rural epidemiology: Insights from a rural population laboratory. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148 (10), 949–957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popp, W., Zwick, H., Steyrer, K., Rauscher, H.,& Wanke, T. (1989). Sensitization to aeroallergens depends on environmental factors. Allergy, 44, 572–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poskanzer, D. C., Sheridan, J. L., Prenney, L. B.,& Walker, A. M. (1980). Multiple sclerosis in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. II. The search for an exogenous aetiology. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 34, 240–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pothier, P. (1991). Demythologizing rural mental health. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 5 (3), 119–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powe, B. D.,& Weinrich, S. (1999). An intervention to decrease cancer fatalism among rural elders. Oncology Nursing Forum, 26 (3), 583–588.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, M. H., Moore, L. L., Singer, M. R., Hood, M. Y., Nguyen, U. S.,& Ellison, R. C. (1996). Risk profiles for noncommunicable diseases in rural and urban schoolchildren in the Republic of Cameroon. Ethnicity & Disease, 6 (3–4), 235–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pruitt, B. E., Kingery, P. M., Mirzaee, E., Heuberger, G.,& Hurley, R. S. (1991). Peer influence and drug use among adolescents in rural areas. Journal of Drug Education, 21 (1), 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puskar, K. R., Tusaie–Mumford, K., Sereika, S.,& Lamb, J. (1999). Health concerns and risk behaviors of rural adolescents. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 16 (2), 109–119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinne, U. K., Panelius, M., Kivalo, E., Hokkanen,& E., Palo, J. (1966). Distribution of multiple sclerosis in Finland with special reference to some geological factors. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 42, 385–399.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Risser, D. R. (1996). Cancer incidence and mortality in urban versus rural areas of Texas: 1980–1985. Texas Medicine, 92 (1), 58–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, E. B.,& Donnermeyer, J. F. (1997). Illegal drug use among rural adults, mental health consequences and treatment utilization. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 23 (3), 467–484.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Room, R. (1989). The U.S. general population’s experiences of responding to alcohol problems. British Journal of Addiction, 84 (11), 1291–1304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rost, K., Zhang, M., Fortney, J.,& Smith, J., Smith, G. R. (1998). Rural–urban differences in depression treatment and suicidality. Medical Care, 36 (7), 1098–1107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saag, K. G, Doebbeling, B. N., Rohrer, J. E., Kolluri, S., Mitchell, T. A.,& Wallace, R. B. (1998). Arthritis health service utilization among the elderly: The role of urban–rural residence and other utilization factors. Arthritis Care & Research, 11 (3), 177–185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, L. (1992). A profile of problem drinkers in public mental health services. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43, 245–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, D.,& Greenberg, M. R. (1992). Death rates in rural America, 1939–1981. Convergence and poverty. In W. M. Gesler & T. C. Ricketts (Eds.), Health in rural North America. The geography of health care services and delivery (pp. 55–85 ). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreinemachers, D. M., Creason, J. P.,& Garry, V. F. (1999). Cancer mortality in agricultural regions of Minnesota. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107 (3), 205–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D. A. (1999). Etiology and pathogenesis of airway disease in children and adults from rural communities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107 (3), 393–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. C.,& Hochberg, M. C. (1993). Arthritis and other musculoskeletal diseases. In R. C. Brownson, P. L. Remington,& J. R. Davis (Eds.), Chronic disease epidemiology and control (pp. 285–306 ). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, D. I.,& Downie, A. W. (1980). A further prevalence study of multiple sclerosis in northeast Scotland. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 43, 310–315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. A.,& Pratt, M. (1993). Cardiovascular disease. In R. C. Brownson, P. L. Remington,& J. R.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis (Eds.), Chronic disease epidemiology and control (pp. 83–108). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommers, I. (1989). Geographic location and mental health services utilization among the chronically mentally ill. Community Mental Health Journal, 25 (2), 132–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soweel, R. L.,& Christensen, P. (1996). HIV infection in rural communities. Nursing Clinics of North America, 31 (1), 107–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sridharan, R.,& Murthy, B. N. (1999). Prevalence and pattern of epilepsy in India. Epilepsia, 40(5), 631636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoodt, G.,& Lengerich, E. J. (1993). Reducing the burden of chronic disease in rural North Carolina. North Carolina Medical Journal, 54 (10), 532–535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (1996). National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1995. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summer, L. (1991). Limited access: Health care for the rural poor. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swank, R., Lerstad, O., Strom, A.,& Backer, J. (1952). Multiple sclerosis in rural Norway–Its geographic and occupational incidence in relation to nutrition. New England Journal of Medicine, 246, 721–728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thistle, P. J.,& Chirenje, Z. M. (1997). Cervical cancer screening in rural populations of Zimbabwe. Central African Journal of Medicine, 43 (9), 246–251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timmreck, T. C. (1988). An introduction to epidemiol– ogy ( 2nd ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

    Google Scholar 

  • Travis, S. S.,& McAuley, W. J. (1999). Preexisting medical conditions in adult day services: An examination of nonmetropolitan and metropolitan admissions. Journal of Gerontology, 54A(5), M262266.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. General Accounting Office. (1990). Rural drug abuse–Prevalence, relation to crime, and programs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdes, F., Petrescu, A.,& Cernescu, C. (1978). Epidemiologic survey of multiple sclerosis in the Bucharest city and suburban area Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 58(2), 109–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vingilis, E., Wade, T.,& Adlaf, E. (1991). What factors predict student self–rated physical health? Journal of Adolescent Psychiatry, 21 (1), 83–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vohlonen, I., Tupi, K., Terho, E. O.,& Husman, K. (1987). Prevalence and incidence of chronic bronchitis and farmer’s lung with respect to the geographical location of the farm and to the work of farmers. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 152 ( suppl.), 37–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Mutius, E., Illi, S., Nicolai, T.,& Martinez. E D. (1996). Relation of indoor heating with asthma, allergic sensitization, and bronchial responsiveness, survey of children in south Bavaria. British Medical Journal, 312, 1448–1450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voukiklaris, G. E., Kafatos, A.,& Dontas, A. S. (1996). Changing prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors and cardiovascular diseases in men of a rural area of Crete: 1960 to 1991. Angiology, 47 (1), 43–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, R. E.,& Wallace, R. B. (1998). Rural–urban contrasts in elder health status: Methodologic issues and findings. In R. T. Coward & J. A. Krout (Eds.), Aging in rural settings: Life circumstances and distinctive features (pp. 67–840 ). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, C. P. W., Holford–Strevens, V.,& Manfreda, J. (1987). Respiratory disorders among Canadian farmers. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 154 (suppl.), 10–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinert, C,& Long, K. A. (1990). Rural families and health care: Refining the knowledge base. Marriage & Family Review, 15, 57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisner, C.& (1993). Toward an alcohol treatment entry model: A comparison of problem drinkers in the general population and in treatment. Alcoholism Clinical & Experimental Research, 17 (4), 746–752.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisner, C.,& Schmidt, L. (1992). Gender disparities in treatment for alcohol problems. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268(14), 18721876.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werneck, A. L.,& Alvarenga, H. (1999). Genetics, drugs and environmental factors in Parkinson’s disease. A case–control study. Arquivos de NeuroPsiquiatria, 57 (2B), 347–355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wesseling, C, Antich, D., Hogstedt, C.,& Rodriguez, A. C., Ahlbom, A. (1999). Geographical differences of cancer incidence in Costa Rica in relation to environmental and occupational pesticide exposure. International Journal of Epidemiology, 28(3), 365374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weston, W. W., Bell Brown, J.,& Stewart, M. A. (1989). Patient–centered interviewing. Part I. Understand–ing patients’ experiences. Canadian Family Physician, 35, 147–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, R., Chillag, S.,& Elliott, D. (1992). Anabolic steroid use among adolescents in a rural state. Journal of Family Practice, 34 (4), 401–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkstrom, J. (1975). Studies on the clustering of multiple sclerosis in Finland. II. Microepidemiology in one high–risk county with special reference to familial cases. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 51, 173–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willems, J. P., Saunders, J. T., Hunt, D. E.,& Schorling, J. B. (1997). Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors among rural blacks: A community–based study. Southern Medical Journal, 90(8), 814820.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, J. K. (1978). Schizophrenia: Towards a new synthesis. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO). (1977). ICD–9: International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yach, D., Myers, J., Bradshaw, D.,& Benatar, S. R. (1985). A respiratory epidemiologic survey of grain mill workers in Cape Town, South Africa. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 131, 505–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yawn, B. P., Yawn, R. A.,& Uden, D. L. (1992). Substance use in rural midwestern pregnant women. Archives of Family Medicine, 1 (1), 83–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yesalis, C. E. III, Lemke, J. H., Wallace, R. B., Kohout, F. J.,& Morris, M. C. (1985). Health status of the rural elderly according to farm work history: The Iowa 65+ rural health study. Archives of Environmental Health, 40, 245–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zejda, J. E., McDuffie, H. H.,& Dosman, J. A. (1993). Epidemiology of health and safety risks in agriculture and related industries: Practical applications for rural physicians. Western Journal of Medicine, 158 (1), 56–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242-1008, USA

    Leslie K. Dennis

  2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA

    Stacie L. Pallotta

Authors
  1. Leslie K. Dennis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stacie L. Pallotta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Sana Loue

  2. University of Texas, Houston, Houston, Texas, USA

    Beth E. Quill

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dennis, L.K., Pallotta, S.L. (2001). Chronic Disease in Rural Health. In: Loue, S., Quill, B.E. (eds) Handbook of Rural Health. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3310-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3310-5_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3347-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3310-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation