Abstract
Regulation of receptor responsiveness by neurotransmitters and hormones is a well-recognized phenomenon that has been demonstrated for most receptor systems (1). Such regulation can involve desensitization, the tendency of receptor responsiveness to wane over time despite the presence of a stimulus of constant intensity; or amplification, in which the receptor system becomes supersensitive to agonist stimulation. Regulation of receptor function and expression may limit the efficacy of numerous pharmacological agents, and thus the investigation of such phenomena may have a major impact in refining and developing therapeutic agents.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Sibley, D. R. and Houslay, M. D., eds. (1994) Molecular Pharmacology of Cell Regulation, Vol. 3: Regulation of Cellular Signal Transduction Pathways by Desensitization and Amplification. Wiley, Chichester, UK.
Liggett, S. B. and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1994) Adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase systems: regulation of receptor function by phosphorylation, sequestration and down-regulation, in Molecular PharmacologyofCellRegulation, Vol. 3: Regulation of Cellular Signal Transduction Pathways by Desensitization and Amplification ( Sibley, D. R. and Houslay, M. D., eds.), Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 71–98.
Bahouth, S. and Malbon, C. C. (1994) Genetic transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of G-protein-linked receptor expression, in Molecular Pharmacology of Cell Regulation, Vol. 3: Regulation of Cellular Signal Transduction Pathways by Desensitization and Amplification (Sibley, D. R. and Houslay, M. D., eds.), Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 99–112.
Seeman, P. (1987) Dopamine receptors in human brain diseases, in Receptor Biochemistry and Methodology, Vol. 8: Dopamine Receptors ( Creese, I. and Fraser, C. M., eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 233–245.
Mouradian, M. M., Juncos, J. L., Fabbrini, G., Schlegel, J., Bartko, J. J., and Chase, T. N. (1988) Motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease: central pathophysiological mechanisms. Ann. Neurol. 24, 372–378.
Creese, I. and Sibley, D. R. (1981) Receptor adaptations to centrally acting drugs. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 21, 357–391.
Baker, G. B. and Greenshaw, A. J. (1989) Effects of long-term administration of antidepressants and neuroleptics on receptors in the central nervous system. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 9, 1–44.
Kostrzewa, R. M. (1995) Dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Neurosci. Biobehay. Rev. 19, 1–17.
LaHoste, G. J. and Marshall, J. F. (1993) New concepts in dopamine receptor plasticity. Ann. NYAcad. Sci. 702, 183–196.
Srivastava, L. K. and Mishra, R. K. (1994) Dopamine receptor gene expression: effects of neuroleptics, denervation, and development, in Dopamine Receptors and Transporters (Niznik, H. B., ed.), Dekker, New York, pp. 401–415.
Meador-Woodruff, J. H., Mansour, A., Grandy, D. K., Damask, S. P., Civelli, O., and Watson, S. J., Jr. (1992) Distribution of D5 dopamine receptor mRNA in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 145, 209–212.
Tiberi, M., Jarvie, K. R., Silvia, C., Falardeau, P., Gingrich, J. A., Godinot, N., Bertrand, L., Yang-Feng, T. L., Fremeau, R. T., Jr., and Caron, M. G. (1991) Cloning, molecular characterization, and chromosomal assignment of a gene encoding a second D, dopamine receptor subtype: differential expression pattern in rat brain compared with the D IA receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7491–7495.
Barnett, J. V. and Kuczenski, R. (1986) Desensitization of rat striatal dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase after acute amphetamine administration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 237, 820–825.
Roseboom, P. H. and Gnegy, M. E. (1989) Acute in vivo amphetamine produces a homologous desensitization of dopamine receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase activities and decreases agonist binding to the DI site. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 34, 148–156.
Wilner, K. D., Butler, I. J., Seifert, W. E., Jr., and Clement-Cormier, Y. C. (1980) Biochemical alterations of dopamine receptor responses following chronic L-DOPA therapy. Biochem. Pharmacol. 29, 701–706.
Mishra, R. K., Wong, Y.-W., Varmuza, S. L., and Tuff, L. (1978) Chemical lesion and drug induced supersensitivity and subsensitivity of caudate dopamine receptors. Life Sci. 23, 443–446.
Neisewander, J. L., Lucki, I., and McGonigle, P. (1991) Behavioral and neurochemical effects of chronic administration of reserpine and SKF-38393 in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257, 850–860.
Subramanium, S., Lucki, I., and McGonigle, P. (1992) Effects of chronic treatment with selective agonists on the subtypes of dopamine receptors. Brain Res. 571, 313–322.
Hess, E. J., Albers, L. J., Le, H., and Creese, I. (1986) Effects of chronic SCH23390 treatment on the biochemical and behavioral properties of DI and D2 dopamine receptors: potentiated behavioral responses to a D2 dopamine agonist after selective DI dopamine receptor up-regulation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238, 846–854.
Hess, E. J., Norman, A. B., and Creese, I. (1988) Chronic treatment with dopamine receptor antagonists: behavioral and pharmacological effects on DI and D2 dopamine receptors. J. Neurosci. 8, 2361–2370.
McGonigle, P., Boyson, S. J., Reuter, S., and Molinoff, P. B. (1989) Effects of chronic treatment with selective and nonselective antagonists on the subtypes of dopamine receptors. Synapse 3, 74–82.
Parashos, S. A., Barone, P., Tucci, I., and Chase, T. N. (1987) Attenuation of D-1 antagonist-induced D-1 receptor upregulation by concomitant D-2 receptor blockade. Life Sci. 41, 2279–2284.
Schettini, G., Ventra, C., Florio, T., Grimaldi, M., Meucci, O., and Marino, A. (1992) Modulation by GTP of basal and agonist-stimulated striatal adenylate cyclase activity following chronic blockade of DI and D2 dopamine receptors: involvement of G proteins in the development of receptor supersensitivity. J. Neurochem. 59, 1667–1674.
Porceddu, M. L., DeMontis, G., Mele, S., Ongini, E., and Biggio, G. (1987) DI dopamine receptors in the rat retina: effect of dark adaptation and chronic blockade by SCH23390. Brain Res. 424, 264–271.
Creese, I., Sibley, D. R., and Xu, S. X. (1992) Expression of rat striatal DI and D2 dopamine receptor mRNAs: ontogenetic and pharmacological studies. Neurochem. Int. 20, S45 — S48.
Buckland, P. R., O’Donovan, M. C., and McGuffin, P. (1992) Changes in dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptor mRNA levels in rat brain following antipsychotic treatment. Psychopharmacology 106, 479–488.
Buckland, P. R., O’Donovan, M. C., and McGuffin, P. (1993) Clopazine and sulpiride up-regulate dopamine D3 receptor mRNA levels. Neuropharmacology 32, 901–907.
Hornykiewicz, O. (1973) Parkinson’s disease: from brain homogenate to treatment. Fed. Proc. 32, 183–190.
Lee, T., Seeman, P., Rajput, A., Farley, I. J., and Hornykiewicz, O. (1978) Receptor basis for dopaminergic supersensitivity in Parkinson’s disease. Nature 273, 59–61.
Seeman, P., Bzowej, N. H., Guan, H. C., Bergeron, C., Reynolds, G. P., Bird, E. D., Riederer, P., Jellinger, K., and Tourtellotte, W. W. (1987) Human brain Di and DZ dopamine receptors in schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases. Neuropsychopharmacology 1, 5–15.
Rinne, J. 0., Laihinen, A., Lönnberg, P., Marjamäki, P., and Rinne, U. K. (1991) A post-mortem study on striatal dopamine receptors in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res. 556, 117–122.
Rinne, J. O., Laihinen, A., Nâgren, K., Bergman, J., Solin, O., Haaparanta, M., Ruotsalainen, U., and Rinne, U. K. (1990) PET demonstrates different behaviour of striatal dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors in early parkinson’s disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 27, 494–499.
Rinne, U. K., Laihinen, A., Rinne, J. O., Nâgren, K., Bergman, J., and Ruotsalainen, U. (1990) Positron emission tomography demonstrates dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity in the striatum of patients with early Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders 5, 55–59.
Ungerstedt, U. (1971) Postsynaptic supersensitivity after 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of the nigro-striatal system. Acta Physiol. Scand. 367 (Suppl.), 69–93.
Krueger, B. K., Forn, J., Walters, J. R., Roth, R. H., and Greengard, P. (1976) Stimulation by dopamine of adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-monophosphate formation in rat caudate nucleus: effect of lesions of the nigroneostriatal pathway. Mol. Pharmacol. 12, 639–648.
Mishra, R. K., Gardner, E. L., Katzman, R., and Makman, M. H. (1974) Enhancement of dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat caudate after lesions in substantia nigra: evidence for denervation supersensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 3883–3887.
Billard, W., Ruperto, V., Crosby, G., Iorio, L. C., and Barnett, A. (1984) Characterization of the binding of 3H-SCH 23390, a selective D-1 receptor antagonist ligand, in rat striatum. Life Sci. 35, 1885–1893.
Buonamici, M., Caccia, C., Carpentieri, L., Pegrassi, L., Rossi, A. C., and Di Chiara, G. (1986) D-1 receptor supersensitivity in the rat striatum after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 126, 347, 348.
Porceddu, M. L., Giorgi, 0., De Montis, G., Mele, S., Cocco, L., Ongini, E., and Biggio, G. (1987) 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of nigral dopamine neurons: differential effect on nigral and striatal D-1 dopamine receptors. Life Sci. 41, 697–706.
Butkerait, P. and Friedman, E. (1993) Repeated reserpine increases striatal dopamine receptor and guanine nucleotide binding protein RNA. J. Neurochem. 60, 566–571.
Missale, C., Nisoli, E., Liberini, P., Rizzonelli, P., Memo, M., Buonamici, M., Rossi, A., and Spano, P. F. (1989) Repeated reserpine administration up-regulates the transduction mechanisms of DI receptors without changing the density of [3H]SCH 23390 binding. Brain Res. 438, 117–122.
Rubinstein, M., Muschietti, J. P., Gershanik, O., Flawia, M. M., and Stefano, F. J. E. (1990) Adaptive mechanisms of striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in response to a prolonged reserpine treatment in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 252, 810–816.
Graham, W. C., Crossman, A. R., and Woodruff, G. N. (1990) Autoradiographic studies in animal models of hemi-parkinsonism reveal dopamine D, but not D, receptor supersensitivity. I. 6-OHDA lesions of ascending mesencephalic dopaminergic pathways in the rat. Brain Res. 514, 93–102.
Jongen-Rêlo, A. L., Docter, G. J., Jonker, A. J., Vreugdenhil, E., Groenewegen, H. J., and Voorn, P. (1994) Differential effects of dopamine depletion on the binding and mRNA levels of dopamine receptors in the shell and core of the rat nucleus accumbens. Mol. Brain Res. 25, 333–343.
Joyce, J. N. (1991) Differential response of striatal dopamine and muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes to the loss of dopamine. II. Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine or colchicine microinjections into the VTA or reserpine treatment. Exp. Neurol. 113, 277–290.
Joyce, J. N. (1991) Differential response of striatal dopamine and muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes to the loss of dopamine. I. Effects of intranigral or intracerebroventricular 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine system. Exp. Neurol. 113, 261–276.
Marshall, J. F., Navarrete, R., and Joyce, J. N. (1989) Decreased striatal D, binding density following mesotelencephalic 6-hydroxydopamine injections: an autoradiographic analysis. Brain Res. 493, 247–257.
Gerfen, C. R., Engber, T. M., Mahan, L. C., Susel, Z., Chase, T. N., Monsma, F. J., and Sibley, D. R. (1990) D, and D2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Science 250, 1429–1432.
Qin, Z.-H., Chen, J. F., and Weiss, B. (1994) Lesions of mouse striatum induced by 6-hydroxydopamine differentially alter the density, rate of synthesis, and level of gene expression of D, and DZ dopamine receptors. J. Neurochem. 62, 411–420.
Memo, M., Lovenberg, W., and Hanbauer, I. (1982) Agonist-induced sub-sensitivity of adenylate cyclase coupled with a dopamine receptor in slices from rat corpus striatum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 4456–4460.
Ofori, S., Bugnon, O., and Schorderet, M. (1993) Agonist-induced desensitization of dopamine D-1 receptors in bovine retina and rat striatum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 266, 350–357.
Chneiweiss, H., Glowinski, J., and Premont, J. (1990) Dopamine-induced homologous and heterologous desensitizations of adenylate cyclase-coupled receptors on striatal neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 189, 287–292.
Trovero, F., Marin, P., Tassin, J.-P., Premont, J., and Glowinski, J. (1994) Accelerated resensitization of the D, dopamine receptor-mediated response in cultured cortical and striatal neurons from the rat: respective role of a,-adrenergic and N-methyl-o-aspartate receptors. J. Neurosci. 14, 6280–6288.
Barton, A. and Sibley, D. R. (1990) Agonist-induced desensitization of D,-dopamine receptors linked to adenylyl cyclase activity in cultured NS20Y neuroblastoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 38, 531–541.
Balmforth, A. J., Warburton, P., and Ball, S. G. (1990) Homologous desensitization of the D, dopamine receptor. J. Neurochem. 55, 2111–2116.
Steffey, M. E., Snyder, G. L., Barrett, R. W., Fink, J. S., Ackerman, M., Adams, P., Bhatt, R., Gomez, E., and MacKenzie, R. G. (1991) Dopamine D, receptor stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation in COS-1 cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 207, 311–317.
Bates, M. D., Caron, M. G., and Raymond, J. R. (1991) Desensitization of DA1 dopamine receptors coupled to adenylyl cyclase in opossum kidney cells. Am. J. Physiol. 260, F937 — F945.
Zhou, X.-M., Sidhu, A., and Fishman, P. H. (1991) Desensitization of the human Di dopamine receptor: evidence for involvement of both cyclic AMP-dependent and receptor-specific protein kinases. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2, 464–472.
Gupta, S. K. and Mishra, R. K. (1994) Up-regulation of Di dopamine receptors in SK-N-MC cells after chronic treatment with SCH 23390. Neurosci. Res. Comm. 15, 157–166.
Black, L. E., Smyk-Randall, E. M., and Sibley, D. R. (1994) Cyclic AMP-mediated desensitization of DI dopamine receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase in NS20Y neuroblastoma cells. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 5, 567–575.
Bates, M. D., Olsen, C. L., Becker, B. N., Albers, F. J., Middleton, J. P., Mulheron, J. G., Jin, S.-L. C., Conti, M., and Raymond, J. R. (1993) Elevation of cAMP is required for down-regulation, but not agonist-induced desensitization, of endogenous dopamine DI receptors in opossum kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14,757–14, 763.
Gupta, S. K. and Mishra, R. K. (1993) Desensitization of DI dopamine receptors down-regulates the Gs alpha subunit of G protein in SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells. J. Mol. Neurosci. 4, 117–123.
Minowa, M. T., Minowa, T., Monsma, F. J., Jr., Sibley, D. R., and Mouradian, M. M. (1992) Characterization of the 5’-flanking region of the human D IA dopamine receptor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89, 3045–3049.
Kennelly, P. J. and Krebs, E. G. (1991) Consensus sequences as substrate specificity determinants for protein kinases and protein phosphatases. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15,555–15, 558.
Yasunari, K., Kohno, M., Murakawa, K.-I., Yokokawa, K., Horio, T., and Takeda, T. (1993) Interaction between a phorbol ester and dopamine DA/ receptors on vascular smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 264, F24 — F30.
Zamanillo, D., Casanova, E., Alonso-Llamazares, A., Ovalle, S., Chinchetru, M. A., and Calvo, P. (1995) Identification of a cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphatedependent protein kinase phosphorylation site in the carboxy terminal tail of the human DI dopamine receptor. Neurosci. Lett. 188, 183–186.
Inglese, J., Freedman, N. J., Koch, W. J., and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1993) Structure and mechanism of the G protein-coupled receptor kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 23,735–23,738.
Onorato, J. J., Palczewski, K., Regan, J. W., Caron, M. G., Lefkowitz, R. J., and Benovic, J. L. (1991) Role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of the f3-adrenergic kinase and rhodopsin kinase. Biochemistry 30, 5118–5125.
Atkinson, B. N., Burgess, L. H., and Sibley, D. R. (1994) Regulation of the DIA and D18 dopamine receptors in stably transfected chinese hamster ovary cells. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20, 521.
Machida, C. A., Searles, R. P., Nipper, V., Brown, J. A., Kozell, L. B., and Neve, K. A. (1992) Molecular cloning and expression of the rhesus macaque D, dopamine receptor gene. Mol. Pharmacol. 41, 652–659.
Neve, K. A. and Kozell, L. B. (1993) Desensitization of recombinant dopamine D1 receptors. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 19, 734.
Olson, M. F., and Schimmer, B. P. (1992) Heterologous desensitization of the human dopamine D, receptor in Y1 adrenal cells in a desensitization-resistant Y 1 mutant. Mol. Endocrinol. 6, 1095–1102.
Ng, G. Y. K., Mouillac, B., George, S. R., Caron, M., Dennis, M., Bouvier, M., and O’Dowd, B. F. (1994) Desensitization, phosphorylation and palmitoylation of the human dopamine D, receptor. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 267, 7–19.
Trogadis, J. E., Ng, G. Y.-K., O’Dowd, B., George, S. G., and Stevens, J. K. (1995) Dopamine Di receptor distribution in Sf9 cells imaged by confocal microscopy: a quantitative evaluation. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 43, 497–506.
Tiberi, M., Bertrand, L., Nash, S. R., and Caron, M. G. (1994) Cellular expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase augments the agonist-dependent phosphorylation and desensitization of dopamine DIA receptors. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20, 19.
Frail, D. E., Manelli, A. M., Witte, D. G., Lin, C. W., Steffey, M. E., and MacKenzie, R. G. (1993) Cloning and characterization of a truncated dopamine D, receptor from goldfish retina: stimulation of cyclic AMP production and calcium mobilization. Mol. Pharmacol. 44, 1113–1118.
Buckland, P. R., O’Donovan, M. C., and McGuffin, P. (1992) Lack of effect of chronic antipsychotic treatment on dopamine D5 receptor mRNA level. Eur. Neuropsychopharm. 2, 405–409.
Jarvie, K. R., Tiveri, M., Silvia, C., Gingrich, J. A., and Caron, M. G. (1993) Molecular cloning, stable expression and desensitization of the human dopamine D1B/D5 receptor. J. Recept. Res. 13, 573–590.
Tiberi, M. and Caron, M. (1994) High agonist-independent activity is a distinguishing feature of the dopamine DAB receptor subtype. J Biol. Chem. 269, 27,925–27, 931.
Pei, G., Samama, P., Lohse, M., Wang, M., Codina, J., and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1994) A constitutively active mutant 32 adrenergic receptor is constitutively desensitized and phosphorylated. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91, 2699–2702.
Beischlag, T. V., Marchese, A., Meador-Woodruff, J., Damask, S. P., O’Dowd, B. F., Tyndale, R. F., Van Tol, H. H. M., Seeman, P., and Niznik, H. (1995) The human dopamine D5 receptor gene: cloning and characterization of the 5’-flanking and promoter region. Biochemistry 34, 5960–5970.
De Jesus, O. T., Van Moffart, G. J. C., Dinerstein, R. J., and Friedman, A. M. (1986) Exogenous L-DOPA alters spiroperidol binding, in vivo, in the mouse striatum. Life Sci. 39, 341–349.
List, S. J. and Seeman, P. (1979) Dopamine agonists reverse the elevated 3H-neuroleptic binding in neuroleptic-pretreated rats. Life Sci. 24, 1447–1452.
Rouillard, C. Bedard, P. J., Falardeau, P., and DiPaulo, T. (1987) Behavioral and biochemical evidence for a different effect of repeated administration of L-DOPA and bromocriptine on denervated versus non-denervated dopamine receptors. Neuropharmacology 26, 1601–1606.
Quick, M. and Iversen, L. L. (1978) Subsensitivity of the rat striatal dopaminergic system after treatment with bromocriptine: effects on [3H]spiperone binding and dopamine-stimulated cyclic AMP formation. Nauyn-Schmied. Arch. Pharm. 304, 141–145.
Wei-Dong, L.. Xiao-Da, Z., and Guo-Zhang, J. (1988) Enhanced stereotypic behavior by chronic treatment with bromocriptine accompanies increase of D-1 receptor binding. Life Sci. 42, 1841–1845.
Nisoli, E., Memo, M., Missale, C., Carruba, M. O. and Spana, P. F. (1990) Repeated administration of lisuride down-regulates dopamine D2 receptor function in mesostriatal and in mesolimbocortical rat brain regions. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 176, 85–90.
Autelitano, D. J., Snyder, L., Sealfon, S. C., and Roberts, J. L. (1989) Dopamine D2-receptor messenger RNA is differentially regulated by dopaminergic agents in rat anterior and neurointermediate pituitary. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 67, 101–105.
Chronwall, B. M., Dickerson, D. S., Huerter, B. S., Sibley, D. R., and Millington, W. R. (1994) Regulation of heterogeneity in D2 dopamine receptor gene expression among individual melanotropes in the rat pituitary intermediate lobe. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 5, 35–45.
Chen, J. F., Aloyo, V. J., and Weiss, B. (1993) Continuous treatment with the D2 dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole decreases D2 dopamine receptors, D2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA and proenkephalin messenger RNA, and increases mu opioid receptors in mouse striatum. Neuroscience 54, 669–680.
Klawans, H. L. and McKendall, R. (1971) Observations on the effect of L-dopa on tardive lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesia. J. Neurol. Sci. 14, 189–192.
Muller, P. and Seeman, P. (1977) Brain neurotransmitter receptors after long-term haloperidol: dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, a-noradrenergic and naloxone receptors. Life Sci. 21, 1751–1758.
Clow, A., Jenner, P., Theodorou, A., and Marsden, C. D. (1979) Striatal dopamine receptors become supersensitive while rats are given trifluoperazine for six months. Nature 278, 59–61.
Muller, P. and Seeman, P. (1978) Dopaminergic supersensitivity after neuroleptics: time-course and specificity. Psychopharmacology 60, 1–11.
Tarsy, D. and Baldessarini, R. J. (1974) Behavioral supersensitivity to apomorphine following chronic treatment with drugs which interfere with the synaptic function of catecholamines. Neuropharmacology 13, 927–940.
Baldessarini, R. J. and Tarsy, D. (1976) Mechanisms underlying tardive dyskinesia, in The Basal Ganglia ( Yahr, M. D., ed.), Raven, New York, pp. 433–446.
Casey, D. E. (1995) Tardive dyskinesia: pathophysiology, in Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress ( Bloom, F. E. and Kupfer, D. J., eds.), Raven, New York, pp. 1497–1502.
Crow, T. J., Cross, A. J., Johnstone, E. C., Owen, F., Owens, D. G. C., and Waddington, J. L. (1982) Abnormal involuntary movements in schizophrenia: are they related to the disease process or its treatment? Are they associated with changes in dopamine receptors? J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2, 336–340.
Wolf, M. E., Bowie, L., Keener, S., and Mosnaim, A. D. (1982) Prolactin response in tardive dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiat. 17, 485–490.
Burt, D. R., Creese, I., and Snyder, S. H. (1977) Antischizophrenic drugs: chronic treatment elevates dopamine receptor binding in brain. Science 196, 326–328.
Laruelle, M., Jaskiw, G. E., Lipska, B. K., Kolachana, B., Casanova, M. F., Kleinman, J. E., and Weinberger, D. R. (1992) Di and D2 receptor modulation in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens after subchronic and chronic haloperidol treatment. Brain Res. 575, 47–56.
Memo. M., Pizzi, M., Missale, C., Carruba, M. O., and Spano, P. F. (1987) Modification of the function of DI and D2 dopamine receptors in striatum and nucleus accumbens of rats chronically treated with haloperidol. Neuropharmacology 267, 477–480.
Staunton, D. A., Magistretti, P. J., Koob, G. F., Shoemaker, W. J., and Bloom, F. E. (1982) Dopaminergic supersensitivity induced by denervation and chronic receptor blockade is additive. Nature 299, 72–74.
Wilmot, C. A. and Szczepanik, A. M. (1989) Effects of acute and chronic treatments with clozapine and haloperidol on serotonin (5-HT2) and dopamine (D2) receptors in the rat brain. Brain Res. 487, 288–298.
Janowsky, A., Neve, K. A., Kinzie, J. M., Taylor, B., de Paulis, T., and Belknap, J. K. (1992) Extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptors: distribution, pharmacological characterization, and region-specific regulation by clozapine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 261, 1282–1290.
Kazawa, T., Mikuni, M., Higuchi, T., Arai, I., Takahashi, K., and Yamauchi, T. (1990) Characterization of sulpiride-displaceable 3H-YM-091512–2 binding sites in rat frontal cortex and the effects of subchronic treatment with haloperidol on cortical D-2 dopamine receptors. Life Sci. 47, 531–537.
MacLennan, A. J., Atmadja, S., Lee, N., and Fibiger, H. C. (1988) Chronic haloperidol administration increases the density of D2 dopamine receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Psychopharmacology 95, 255–257.
Memo, M., Pizzi, M., Nisoli, E., Missale, C., Carruba, M. O., and Spano, P. (1987) Repeated administration of (—)sulpiride and SCH 23390 differentially up-regulate D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor function in rat mesostriatal areas but not in cortical-limbic brain regions. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 138, 45–51.
Olianas, M. C. and Onali, P. (1987) Supersensitivity of striatal D2 dopamine receptors mediating inhibition of adenylate cyclase and stimulation of guanosine triphosphatase following chronic administration of haloperidol in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 78, 349–354.
Consolo, S., Ladinsky, H., Samanin, R., Bianchi, S., and Ghezzi, D. (1978) Super-sensitivity of the cholinergic response to apomorphine in the striatum following denervation or disuse supersensitivity of dopaminergic receptors in the rat. Brain Res. 155, 45–54.
Cubeddu, L. X., Hoffmann, I. S., James, M. K., and Niedzwiecki, D. M. (1983) Changes in the sensitivity to apomorphine of dopamine receptors modulating dopamine and acetylcholine release after chronic treatment with bromocriptine or haloperidol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 226, 680–685.
Miller, J. C. and Friedhoff, A. J. (1979) Dopamine receptor-coupled modulation of the K’-depolarized overflow of 3H-acetylcholine from rat striatal slices: alteration after chronic haloperidol and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreatment. Life Sci. 25, 1249–1256.
Gianutsos, G., Hynes, M. D., and Lal, H. (1975) Enhancement of apomorphine-induced inhibition of striatal dopamine-turnover following chronic haloperidol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 24, 581, 582.
Lal, H., Brown, W., Drawbaugh, R., Hynes, M., and Brown, G. (1977) Enhanced prolactin inhibition following chronic treatment with haloperidol and morphine. Life Sci. 20, 101–106.
Bannon, M. J., Bunney, E. B., Zigun, J. R., Skirboll, L. R., and Roth, R. H. (1980) Presynaptic dopamine receptors: insensitivity to kainic acid and the development of supersensitivity following chronic haloperidol. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg ‘s Arch. Pharmacol. 312, 161–165.
Stock, G., Steinbrenner, J., and Kummer, P. (1980) Supersensitivity of dopamineautoreceptors: the effect of gammabutyrolactone in long-term haloperidol treated rats. J. Neur. Transm. 47, 145–151.
Mereu, G., Lilliu, V., Vargiu, P., Muntoni, A. L., Diana, M., and Gessa, G. L. (1995) Depolarization inactivation of dopamine neurons: an artifact ? J. Neurosci. 15, 1144–1149.
Casey, D. E. (1989) Clozapine: neuroleptic-induced EPS and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 99, S47 - S53.
Kane, J., Honigfeld, G., Singer, J., and Meltzer, H. (1988) Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 45, 789–796.
Boyson, S. J., McGonigle, P., Luthin, G. R., Wolfe, B. B., and Molinoff, P. B. (1988) Effects of chronic administration ofneuroleptic and anticholinergic agents on densities of D2 dopamine and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat striatum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244, 987–993.
O’Dell, S. J., La Hoste, G. J., Widmark, C. B., Shapiro, R. M., Potkin, S. G., and Marshall, J. F. (1990) Chronic treatment with clozapine or haloperidol differentially regulates dopamine and serotonin receptors in rat brain. Synapse 6, 146–153.
Rupniak, N. M. J., Hall, M. D., Mann, S., Fleminger, S., Kilpatrick, G., Jenner, P., and Marsden, C. D. (1985) Chronic treatment with clozapine, unlike haloperidol, does not induce changes in striatal D-2 receptor function in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34, 2755–2763.
Seeger, T. F., Thal, L., and Gardner, E. L. (1982) Behavioral and biochemical aspects of neuroleptic-induced dopaminergic supersensitivity: studies with chronic clozapine and haloperidol. Psychopharmacology 76, 182–187.
Severson, J. A., Robinson, H. E., and Simpson, G. M. (1984) Neuroleptic-induced striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice: relationship to dose and drug. Psychopharmacology 84, 115–119.
Deutch, A. Y. (1995) Mechanisms of action of clozapine in the treatment of neuroleptic-resistant and neuroleptic-intolerant schizophrenia. Eur. Psychiat. 10 (Suppl. 1), 39S - 46S.
Robertson, G. S. and Fibiger, H. C. (1991) Neuroleptics increase c-fos expression in the forebrain: contrasting effects of haloperidol and clozapine. Neuroscience 46, 315–328.
Pich, E. M., Benfenati, F., Farabegoli, C., Fuxe, K., Meller, E., Aronsson, M., Goldstein, M., and Agnati, L. F. (1987) Chronic haloperidol affects striatal D2-dopamine receptor reappearance after irreversible blockade. Brain Res. 435, 147–152.
Bunzow, J. R., Van Tol, H. H. M., Grandy, D. K., Albert, P., Salon, J., Christie, M., Machida, C. A., Neve, K. A., and Civelli, O. (1988) Cloning and expression of a rat D2 dopamine receptor cDNA. Nature 336, 783–787.
Fox, C. A., Mansour, A., and Watson, S. J., Jr. (1994) The effects of haloperidol on dopamine receptor gene expression. Exp. Neurol. 130, 288–303.
Matsunaga, T., Ohara, K., Natsukari, N., and Fujita, M. (1991) Dopamine D2-receptor mRNA level in rat striatum after chronic haloperidol treatment. Neurosci. Res. 12, 440–445.
Qin, Z.-H., Zhou, L.-W., and Weiss, B. (1994) D2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA is altered to a greater extent by blockade of glutamate receptors than by blockade of dopamine receptors. Neuroscience 60, 97–114.
Srivastava, L. K., Morency, M. A., Bajwa, S. B., and Mishra, R. K. (1990) Effect of haloperidol on expression of dopamine D2 receptor mRNAs in rat brain. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2, 155–161.
Van Tol, H. H. M., Riva, M., Civelli, O., and Creese, I. (1990) Lack of effect of chronic dopamine receptor blockade on D2 dopamine receptor mRNA level. Neurosci. Lett. 111, 303–308.
Xu, S., Monsma, F. J., Sibley, D. R., and Creese, I. (1991) Regulation of DIA and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA during ontogenesis, lesion and chronic antagonist treatment. Life Sci. 50, 383–396.
Angulo, J. A., Coirini, H., Ledoux, M., and Schumacher, M. (1991) Regulation by dopaminergic neurotransmission of dopamine D2 mRNA and receptor levels in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of the rat. Mol. Brain Res. 11, 161–166.
Bernard, V., Le Moine, C., and Bloch, B. (1991) Striatal neurons express increased level of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in response to haloperidol treatment: a quantitative in situ hybridization study. Neuroscience 45, 117–126.
Buckland, P. R., O’Donovan, M. C., and McGuffin, P. (1993) Both splicing variants of the dopamine D2 receptor mRNA are up-regulated by antipsychotic drugs. Neurosci. Lett. 150, 25–28.
Chen, J. F., Aloyo, V. J., Qin, Z.-H., and Weiss, B. (1994) Irreversible blockade of D2 dopamine receptors by fluphenazine-N-mustard increases D2 dopamine receptor mRNA and proenkephalin mRNA and decreases D, dopamine receptor mRNA and mu and delta opioid receptors in rat striatum. Neurochem. Int. 25, 355–366.
Fishburn, C. S., David, C., Carmon, S., and Fuchs, S. (1994) The effect of haloperidol on D2 dopamine receptor subtype mRNA levels in the brain. FEBS Lett. 339, 63–66.
Lévesque, D., Martres, M.-P., Diaz, J., Griffon, N., Lammers, C. H., Sokoloff, P., and Schwartz, J.-C. (1995) A paradoxical regulation of the dopamine D3 receptor expression suggests the involvement of an anterograde factor from dopamine neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1719–1723.
Martres, M. P., Sokoloff, P., Giros, B., and Schwartz, J. C. (1992) Effects of dopaminergic transmission interruption on the D2 receptor isoforms in various cerebral tissues. J. Neurochem. 58, 673–679.
Rogue, P., Hanauer, A., Zwiller, J., Malviya, A. N., and Vincendon, G. (1991) Up-regulation of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in rat striatum by chronic neuroleptic treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol—Mol. Pharm. 207, 165–168.
Qin, Z.-H. and Weiss, B. (1994) Dopamine receptor blockade increases dopamine D2 receptor and glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNAs in mouse substantia nigra. Eur. J. Pharmacol. Mol. Pharmacol. 269, 25–33.
Arnauld, E., Arsaut, J., and Demotes-Mainard, J. (1991) Differential plasticity of the dopaminergic D2 receptor mRNA isoforms under haloperidol treatment, as evidenced by in situ hybridization in rat anterior pituitary. Neurosci. Lett. 130, 12–16.
MacKenzie, R. G. and Zigmond, M. J. (1985) Chronic neuroleptic treatment increases D-2 but not D-1 receptors in rat striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 113, 159–165.
Marin, C. and Chase, T. N. (1993) Dopamine DI receptor stimulation but not dopamine D2 receptor stimulation attenuates haloperidol-induced behavioral supersensitivity and receptor up-regulation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 231, 191–196.
Falardeau, P., Bouchard, S., Bédard, P. J., Boucher, R., and Di Paolo, T. (1988) Behavioral and biochemical effects of chronic treatment with D-1 and/or D-2 dopamine agonists in MPTP monkeys. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 150, 59–66.
Cameron, D. L. and Crocker, A. D. (1988) Stimulation of D-1 dopamine receptors facilitates D-2 dopamine receptor recovery after irreversible receptor blockade. Neuropharmacology 27, 447–450.
Mandel, R. J., Wilcox, R. E., and Randall, P. K. (1992) Behavioral quantification of striatal dopaminergic supersensitivity after bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the mouse. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behay. 41, 343–347.
Marshall, J. F. and Ungerstedt, U. (1977) Supersensitivity to apomorphine following destruction of the ascending dopamine neurons: quantification using the rotational model. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 41, 361–367.
Schultz, W. and Ungerstedt, U. (1978) Striatal cells supersensitivity to apomorphine in dopamine-lesioned rats correlated to behavior. Neuropharmacology 17, 349–353.
Enz, A., Goldstein, M., and Meller, E. (1990) Dopamine agonist-induced elevation of striatal acetylcholine: relationship between receptor occupancy and response in normal and denervated rat striatum. Mol. Pharmacol. 37, 560–565.
Fibiger, H. C. and Grewaal, D. S. (1974) Neurochemical evidence for denervation supersensitivity: the effect of unilateral substantia nigra lesions on apomorphine-induced increases in neostriatal acetylcholine levels. Life Sci. 15, 57–63.
Kozlowski, M. R. and Marshall, J. F. (1980) Plasticity of [14C]2-deoxy-n-glucose incorporation into neostriatum and related structures in response to dopamine neuron damage and apomorphine replacement. Brain Res. 197, 167–183.
Creese, I., Burt, D. R., and Snyder, S. H. (1977) Dopamine receptor binding enhancement accompanies lesion-induced behavioral supersensitivity. Science 197, 596–598.
Chen, S. D., Zhou, X. D., Xu, D. L., Zhu, C. M., Zheng, J. X., Kuang, Q. F., Guo, Y. Z., and Li, B. (1993) “In-vivo” visualization by SPECT of the ipsilateral striatal dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity occurring in MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonism in primates. Neurodegeneration 2, 147–151.
Graham, W. C., Clarke, C. E., Boyce, S., Sambrook, M. A., Crossman, A. R., and Woodruff, G. N. (1990) Autoradiographic studies in animal models of hemiparkinsonism reveal D2 but not D1 receptor supersensitivity. II. Unilateral intracarotid infusion of MPTP in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Brain Res. 514, 103–110.
Joyce, J. N., Marshall, J. F., Bankiewicz, K. S., Kopin, I. J., and Jacobowicz, D. M. (1986) Hemiparkinsonism in a monkey after unilateral internal carotid artery infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is associated with regional ipsilateral changes in striatal dopamine D2 receptor density. Brain Res. 382, 360–364.
Waddington, J. L., Cross, A. J., Longden, A., Owen, F., and Poulter, M. (1979) Apomorphine-induced rotation in the unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat: relationship to changes in striatal adenylate cyclase activity and 3H-spiperone binding. Neuropharmacology 18, 643–645.
Neve, K. A., Kozlowski, M. R., and Marshall, J. F. (1982) Plasticity of neostriatal dopamine receptors after nigrostriatal injury: relationship to recovery of sensorimotor functions and behavioral supersensitivity. Brain Res. 242, 33–44.
Staunton, D. A., Wolfe, B. B., Groves, P. M., and Molinoff, P. B. (1981) Dopamine receptor changes following destruction of the nigrostriatal pathway: lack of a relationship to rotational behavior. Brain Res. 211, 315–327.
Breese, G. R., Duncan, G. E., Napier, T. C., Bondy, S. C., Iorio, L. C., and Mueller, R. A. (1987) 6-Hydroxydopamine treatments enhance behavioral responses to intracerebral microinjection of D1- and D2-dopamine agonists into nucleus accumbens and striatum without changing dopamine antagonist binding. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 240, 167–176.
Mileson, B. E., Lewis, M. H., and Mailman, R. B. (1991) Dopamine receptor supersensitivity’ occurring without receptor up-regulation. Brain Res. 561,1–10.
LaHoste, G. J. and Marshall, J. F. (1991) Chronic eticlopride and dopamine denervation induce equal nonadditive increases in striatal D2 receptor density: auto-radiographic evidence against the dual mechanism hypothesis. Neuroscience 41, 473–481.
Neve, K. A. and Marshall, J. F. (1984) The effects of denervation and chronic haloperidol treatment on neostriatal dopamine receptor density are not additive. Neurosci. Lett. 46, 77–83.
LaHoste, G. J. and Marshall, J. F. (1993) The role of dopamine in the maintenance and breakdown of D1/D2 synergism. Brain Res. 611, 108–116.
LaHoste, G. J. and Marshall, J. F. (1992) Dopamine supersensitivity and D1/D2 synergism are unrelated to changes in striatal receptor density. Synapse 12, 14–26.
Randall, P. K. (1985) Quantification of dopaminergic supersensitivity using apomorphine-induced behaviors in the mouse. Life Sci. 37, 1419–1423.
Reches, A., Wagner, R. H., Jackson, V., Yablonskaya-Alter, E., and Fahn, S. (1983) Dopamine receptors in the denervated striatum: further supersensitivity by chronic haloperidol treatment. Brain Res. 275, 183–185.
LaHoste, G. J. and Marshall, J. F. (1989) Non-additivity of D2 receptor proliferation induced by dopamine denervation and chronic selective antagonist administration: evidence from quantitative autoradiography indicates a single mechanism of action. Brain Res. 502, 223–232.
Neve, K. A., Loeschen, S., and Marshall, J. F. (1985) Denervation accelerates the reappearance of neostriatal D-2 receptors after irreversible receptor blockade. Brain Res. 329, 225–231.
Norman, A. B., Battaglia, G., and Creese, I. (1987) Differential recovery rates of rat D2 dopamine receptors as a function of aging and chronic reserpine treatment following irreversible modification: a key to receptor regulatory mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 7, 1484–1491.
Brené, S., Lindefors, N., Herrera-Marschitz, M., and Persson, H. (1990) Expression of dopamine D2 receptor and choline acetyltransferase mRNA in the dopamine deafferented rat caudate-putamen. Exp. Brain Res. 83, 96–104.
Lisovoski, F., Haby, C., Borrelli, E., Schleef, C., Revel, M. O., Hindelang, C., and Zwiller, J. (1992) Induction of D2 dopamine receptor mRNA synthesis in a 6-hydroxydopamine parkinsonian rat model. Brain Res. Bull. 28, 697–701.
Chen, J. F., Qin, Z. H., Szele, F., Bai, G., and Weiss, B. (1991) Neuronal localization and modulation of the D2 dopamine receptor mRNA in brain of normal mice and mice lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine. Neuropharmacology 30, 927–941.
Inoue, A., Ueda, H., Nakata, Y., and Misu, Y. (1994) Supersensitivity of quinpirole-evoked GTPase activation without changes in gene expression of D2 and G, protein in the striatum of hemi-dopaminergic lesioned rats. Neurosci. Lett. 175, 107–110.
Neve, K. A., Neve, R. L., Fidel, S., Janowsky, A., and Higgins, G. A. (1991) Increased abundance of alternatively spliced forms of D-2 receptor mRNA after denervation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2802–2806.
Reches, A., Wagner, H. R., Jackson-Lewis, V., Yablonskaya-Alter, E., and Fahn, S. (1984) Chronic levodopa or pergolide administration induces down-regulation of dopamine receptors in denervated striatum. Neurology 34, 1208–1212.
Agui, T., Amlaiky, N., Caron, M. G., and Kebabian, J. W. (1988) Agonist-induced desensitization of the D-2 dopamine receptor in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland. J. Biochem. 103, 436–441.
Drukarch, B., Schepens, E., and Stoof, J. C. (1991) Sustained activation does not desensitize the dopamine D2 receptor-mediated control of evoked in vitro release of radiolabeled acetylcholine from rat striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 196, 209–212.
Maus, M., Vernier, P., Valdenaire, O., Homburger, V., Bockaert, J., Glowinski, J., and Mallet, J. (1993) D2-dopaminergic agonist quinpirole and 8-bromo-cAMP have opposite effects on Goa GTP-binding protein mRNA without changing D2 dopamine receptor mRNA levels in striatal neurones in primary culture. J. Recept. Res. 13, 1–4.
Barton, A. C., Black, L. E., and Sibley, D. R. (1991) Agonist-induced desensitization of D2 dopamine receptors in human Y-79 retinoblastoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 39, 650–658.
Ng, G. Y. K., O’Dowd, B. F, Caron, M., Dennis, M., Brann, M. R., and George, S. R. (1994) Phosphorylation and palmitoylation of the human D2L dopamine receptor in Sf9 cells. J. Neurochem. 63, 1589–1595.
Elazar, Z. and Fuchs, S. (1991) Phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase modulates agonist binding to the D2 dopamine receptor. J. Neurochem. 56, 75–80.
Rogue, P., Zwiller, J., Malviya, A. N., and Vincendon, G. (1990) Phosphorylation by protein kinase C modulates agonist binding to striatal dopamine D2 receptors. Biochem. Int. 22, 575–582.
Cubeddu, L. X., Lovenberg, T. W., Hoffman, I. S., and Talmaciu, R. K. (1989) Phorbol esters and D2 dopamine receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251, 687–693.
Ivins, K. J., Luedtke, R. R., Artymyshyn, R. P., and Molinoff, P. B. (1991) Regulation of dopamine D2 receptors in a novel cell line. Mol. Pharmacol. 39, 531–539.
Johnston, J. M., Wood, D. F., Read, S., and Johnston, D. G. (1993) Dopamine regulates D2 receptor gene expression in normal but not in tumorous rat pituitary cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 92, 63–68.
Bates, M. D., Senogles, S. E., Bunzow, J. R., Liggett, S. B., Civelli, O., and Caron, M. G. (1988) Regulation of responsiveness at D2 dopamine receptors by receptor desensitization and adenylyl cyclase sensitization. Mol. Pharmacol. 39, 55–63.
Johansson, M. H. and Westlind-Danielson, A. (1994) Forskolin-induced up-regulation and functional supersensitivity of dopamine D2 long receptors expressed by Ltk-cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. Mol. Pharmacol. 269, 149–155.
Liu, Y. F., Civelli, O., Grandy, D. K., and Albert, P. R. (1992) Differential sensitivity of the short and long human dopamine D2 receptor subtypes to protein kinase C. J. Neurochem. 59, 2311–2317.
Zhang, L.-J., Lachowicz, J. E., and Sibley, D. R. (1994) The Des and D2L dopamine receptor isoforms are differentially regulated in chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 45, 878–889.
Di Marzo, V., Vial, D., Sokoloff, P., Schwartz, J. C. (1993) Selection of alternative Gi-mediated signaling pathways at the dopamine D2 receptor by protein kinase C. J. Neurosci. 13, 4846–4853.
Kanterman, R. Y., Mahan, L. C., Briley, E. M., Monsma, F. J., Jr., Sibley, D. R., Axelrod, J., and Felder, C. C. (1991) Transfected D2 dopamine receptors mediate the potentiation of arachidonic acid release in chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 39, 364–369.
Piomelli, D. and Di Marzo, V. (1993) Dopamine D2 receptor signaling via the arachidonic acid cascade: modulation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and prostaglandin E2. J. Lipid Mediat. 6, 433–443.
Filtz, T. M., Artymshyn, R. P., Guan, W., and Molinoff, P. B. (1993) Paradoxical regulation of dopamine receptors in transfected 293 cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 44, 371–379.
Filtz, T. M., Guan, W., Artymyshyn, R. P., Pacheco, M., Ford, C. and Molinoff, P. B. (1994) Mechanisms of up-regulation of D2L dopamine receptors by agonists and antagonists in transfected HEK-293 cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 271, 1574–1582.
Starr, S., Kozell, L. B., and Neve, K. A. (1995) Drug-induced up-regulation of dopamine D2 receptors on cultured cells. J. Neurochem. 65, 569–577.
Fornaretto, M. G., Caccia, C., Caron, M. G., and Fariello, R. G. (1993) Dopamine receptors status after unilateral nigral 6-OHDA lesion. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 19, 147–162.
Seabrook, G. R., Kemp, J. A., Freedman, S. B., Patel, S., Sinclair, H. A., and McAllister, G. (1994) Functional expression of human D3 dopamine receptors in differentiated neuroblastoma X glioma NG108–15 cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111, 391–393.
Cox, B. A., Rosser, M. P., Kozlowski, M. R., Duwe, K. M., Neve, R. L., and Neve, K. A. (1995) Regulation and functional characterization of a rat recombinant dopamine D3 receptor. Synapse 21, 1–9.
Schoots, O., Seeman, P., Guan, H.-C., Paterson, A. D., and Van Tol, H. H. M. (1995) Long-term haloperidol elevates dopamine D4 receptors by 2-fold in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. Mol. Pharmacol. 289, 67–72.
Asghari, V., Schoots, O., Van Kats, S., Ohara, K., Jovanovic, V., Guan, H.-C., Bunzow, J. R., Petronis, A., and Van Tol, H. H. M. (1994) Dopamine D4 receptor repeat: analysis of different native and mutant forms of the human and rat genes. Mol. Pharmacol. 46, 364–373.
Asghari, V., Sanyal, S., Buchwaldt, S., Paterson, S., Jovanovic, V., and Van Tol, H. H. M. (1995) Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by different human dopamine D4 receptor variants. J. Neurochem. 65, 1157–1165.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sibley, D.R., Neve, K.A. (1997). Regulation of Dopamine Receptor Function and Expression. In: Neve, K.A., Neve, R.L. (eds) The Dopamine Receptors. The Receptors. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2635-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2635-0_13
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2637-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2635-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive