Abstract
Primates have been characterized as having relatively low reproductive rates, as indicated by extended periods of gestation, lactation, and infant dependency (Sacher and Staffeldt, 1974; Martin, 1975; Eisenberg, 1981; Ankel-Simons, 1983; Harvey and Clutton-Brock, 1985; Rasmussen, 1986; Rasmussen and Izard, 1988). Nonetheless, among primates there have evolved diverse patterns of reproduction and parental care. For example, in some species care is provided solely by the mother, while in other species other members of the family are primary care-givers. Infants may be carried nearly continuously; or they may be left in a nest, in tree holes, or on branches for extended periods of time. Some species may exhibit communal care and nursing. Rearing patterns are especially diverse among prosimian primates. Patterns vary from those of the social, diurnal lemurs of Madagascar in which females of most species carry their dependent young, and in some species with the assistance of family members (Klopfer and Klopfer, 1970; Klopfer, 1974; Wright, 1990) to those of the small, solitary, nocturnal bushbabies and lorises of Asia and Africa in which females provide nearly all care, and frequently must park their infants to forage for food (Doyle et al., 1969; Rosenson, 1971, 1972; Harcourt, 1984; Rasmussen, 1986).
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adolph, E. F. (1970). Physiological stages in the development of mammals. Growth, 34, 113 – 124.
Adolph, E. F., & Heggeness, F. W. (1971). Age changes in body water and fat in fetal and infant mammals. Growth, 35, 55–63.
Agricultural Research Council. (1980). The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock. Farnham Royal, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Ankel-Simons, F. (1983). A Survey of Living Primates and Their Anatomy. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Fifteenth edition. Arlington, Virginia: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Belek, J., & Jenness, R. (1962). Dephosphorization of casein by heat treatment. I. In caseinate solutions. Journal of Dairy Science, 45, 12–19.
Blaxter, K. L. (1989). Energy Metabolism in Animals and Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brouwer, E. (1965). Report of subcommittee on constants and factors. In K. L. Blaxter (Ed.), Energy metabolism: proceedings of 3rcd symposium (pp. 441–443). London: Academic Press.
Buss, D. H., & Voss, W. R. (1971). Evaluation of four methods for estimating the milk yield of baboons. Journal of Nutrition. 101. 901–910
Charles-Dominique, P., Cooper, H. M., Hladik, A., Hladik, C. M., Pages, E., Pariente, G. F., Petter-Rousseaux, A., Petter, J. J. & Schilling, A. (1980). Nocturnal Malagasy Prosimians. New York: Academic Press.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., and Harvey, P. H. (1983). The functional significance of variation in body size among mammals. In J. F. Eisenberg & D. G. Kleiman (Eds.), Recent advances in the study of mammalian behavior (pp. 632–663). Shippenburg. PA: American Society of Mammologists.
Coward, W. A., Sawyer, M. B., Whitehead, R. G., Prentice, A.M. & Evan, J. (1979). New method for measuring milk intakes in breast-fed babies. Lancet, 1979 (2), 13–14.
Daniels, H. L. (1984). Oxygen consumption in Lemur fulvus: deviation from the ideal model. Journal of Mammalogy, 65 (4), 584–592.
Doyle, G.A., Andersson, A. & Bearder, S. K. (1969). Maternal behavior in the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis moholi) under semi-natural conditions. Folia Primatologica, 11, 215–238.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P.A. & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28 (3), 350–356.
Eisenberg, J. F. (1981). The Mammalian Radiations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Eisenberg, J. F., Muckenhirn, N. A. & Rudran, R. (1972). The relationship between ecology and social structure. Science, 176, 863–874.
Gittleman, J. L. (1988). Behavioral energetics of lactation in a herbivorous carnivore, the red panda (Ailurus fulgens). Ethology, 7, 13–24.
Gittleman, J. L., & Oftedal, O. T. (1987). Comparative growth and lactational energetics in carnivores. In A. Loudon & P. A. Racey (Eds.), Reproductive energetics in mammals (pp. 41–77). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gittleman, J. L., & Thompson, S. D. (1989). Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction. American Zoology, 28, 863–875.
Hanwell, A., & Peaker, M. (1977). Physiological effects of lactation on the mother. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 41, 297–312.
Harcourt, C. S. (1984). The behaviour and ecology ot galagos in Kenyan coastal forest. Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England.
Harvey, P. H., & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1985). Life history variation in primates. Evolution, 39, 559–581.
Jolly, A. (1966). Lemur Behavior. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Jolly, A. (1984). The puzzle of female feeding priority. In M. E. Small (Ed.), Female Primates: Studies by Women Primatologists (pp. 197–215). New York: Alan Liss.
Kappeler, P. M. (1992). Female dominance in Malagasy prosimians. Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, Durham, NC.
Klopfer, P. H. (1974). Mother-young relations in lemurs. In R. D. Martin, G. A. Doyle & A. C. Walker (Eds.), Prosimian Biology (pp. 273–292). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Klopfer, P. H., & Klopfer, M. S. (1970). Patterns of maternal care in three species of Lemur. I. Normative description. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 27, 984–996.
Leutenegger, W. (1973). Maternal-fetal weight relationships in primates. Folia Primatologica, 20, 280–293.
Loveridge, G. G. (1986). Bodyweight changes and energy intake in cats during gestation and lactation. Animal Technology, 37: 7–15.
Marier, J. R., & Boulet, M. (1959). Direct analysis of lactose in milk and serum. Journal of Dairy Science, 4, 1390–1391.
Martin, R. D. (1975). The bearing of reproductive behavior and ontogeny on strepsirhine phylogeny. In W. P. Luckett and F. S. Szalay (Eds.), Phylogeny of the Primates: a multidisciplinary approach (pp. 265–297). New York: Plenum Press.
Martin, R. D. (1984). Scaling effects and adaptive strategies in mammalian lactation. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 51, 87–117.
Martin, R. D., & MacLarnon, A. M. (1985). Gestation period, neonatal size and maternal investment in placental mammals. Nature, London, 313 (17), 220–223.
Martin, R. D., & MacLarnon, A. M. (1988). Comparative quantitative studies of growth and reproduction. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 60, 39–80.
Maynard, L. A., Loosli, J. K., Hintz, H. F. & Warner, R. G. (1979). Animal Nutrition. Seventh edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
McNab, B. K., & Wright, P. C. (1987). Temperature regulation and oxygen consumption in the Phillipine tarsier Tarsius syrichta. Physiological Zoology, 60, 596–600.
Müller, E. F. (1979). Energy metabolism, thermoregulation, and water budget in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang, Boddaert 1785). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 64A, 109–119.
Müller, E. F. (1985). Basal metabolic rates in primates: the possible role of phylogenetic and ecological factors. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 81A, 707–711.
Müller, E. F., & Jaksche, H. (1980). Thermoregulation, oxygen consumption, heart rate and evaporative water loss in the thick-tailed bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus Geoffroy, 1812). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 45, 269–278.
Oftedal, O. T. (1984a). Body size and reproductive strategy as correlates of milk energy output in lactating mammals. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 17, 183–186.
Oftedal, O. T. (1984b). Milk composition, milk yield and energy output at peak lactation: a comparative review. Symposium qf the Zoological Society of London, 51, 33–85.
Oftedal, O. T. (1985). Pregnancy and lactation. In R. J. Hudson & R. G. White (Eds.), Bioenergetics of Wild Herbivores (pp. 216–238). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Oftedal, O. T. (1986). Growth rate and milk composition: a critical appraisal. In L. J. Filer & S. J. Fomon (Eds.), The breastfed infant: a model for performance. Report on the 91st Ross conference on pediatric research (pp. 50–58). Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories.
Oftedal, O. T., Hintz, H. F. & Schryver, H. F. (1983). Lactation in the horse: milk composition and intake by foals. Journal of Nutrition, 113, 2196–2206.
Oftedal, O. T., and Iverson, S. J. (1987). Hydrogen isotope methodology for measurement of milk intake and energetics of growth in suckling young. In A. C. Huntley, D. P. Costa, G. A. J. Worthy & M. A. Castellini (Eds.), Approaches to Marine Mammal Energetics (pp. 67–96). Lawrence, KS: Allen Press.
Oftedal, O. T., and Jenness, R. (1988). Interspecies variation in milk composition among horses, zebras, and asses (Perissodactyla, Equidae). Journal of Dairy Research, 55, 57–66.
Pereira, M. D. (1993). Seasonal adjustment of growth rate and adult body weight in ringtailed lemurs. In P. M. Kappeler & J. U. Ganzhorn (Eds.), Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis (pp. 205–221). New York: Plenum Press.
Pereira, M. E., Kaufman, R., Kappeler, P. M. & Overdorff, D. J. (1990). Female dominance does not characterize all of the Lemuridae. Folia Primatologica, 55, 96–103.
Perrin, D. R. (1958). The calorific value of milk of different species. Journal of Dairy Research, 25, 215–220.
Power, M. L. (1991). Digestive function, energy intake and the response to dietary gum in captive callitrichids. Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Berkeley, Berkely, CA.
Prentice, A. M., & Prentice, A. (1988). Energy costs of lactation. Annual Review of Nutrition, 8, 63–79.
Rasmussen, D. T. (1986). Life history and behavior of slow lorises and slender lorises. Ph.D. thesis, Duke University. Durham, NC.
Rasmussen, D. T., & Izard, M. K. (1988). Scaling of growth and life history traits relative to body size, brain size, and metabolic rate in lorises and galagos (Lorisidae, Primates). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 75, 357–367.
Richard, A. F., & Nicoll, M. E. (1987). Female social dominance and basal metabolism in a Malagasy primate, Propithecus verreauxi. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 12, 309–314.
Roberts, S. B., Cole, T. J. & Coward, W. A. (1985). Lactational performance in relation to energy intake in the baboon. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 41, 1270–1276.
Rosenson, L. M. (1971). Social behavior of the greater bushbaby. Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, Durham, NC.
Rosenson, L. M. (1972). Observations of the maternal behaviour of two captive greater bushbabies (Galago crassicaudatus argentatus). Animal Behavior, 20, 677–688.
Ross, C. (1992). Basal metabolic rate, body weight and diet in primates: an evaluation of the evidence. Folia Primatologica, 58, 7–23.
Sacher, G. A., & Staffeldt, E. F. (1974). Relation of gestation time to brain weight for placental mammals: implications for the theory of vertebrate growth. American Naturalist. 108 (963) 593–615.
Sadleir, R. M. F. S. (1984). Ecological consequences of lactation. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 171, 179–182.
Salmon-Legagneur, E. (1967). Prenatal development in the pig and some other multiparous animals. In G. A. Lodge and G. E. Lamming (Eds.), Growth and Development of Mammals (pp. 158–191). London: Butterworths.
Sauther, M. L., & Nash, L. T. (1987). Effect of reproductive state and body size on food consumption in captive Galago senegalensis braccatus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 73, 81–88.
Schoeller, D. A., & Fjeld, C. R. (1986). Measurement of human milk consumption by deuterium oxide kinetics. In L. J. Filer & S. J. Fomon (Eds.), The breastfed infant: a model for performance. Report on the 91st Ross conference on pediatric research (pp. 13–22). Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories.
R. Sokal, R., & Rohlf, F. J. (1981). Biometry. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co.
Spray, C. M., & Widdowson, E. M. (1950). The effect of growth and development on the composition of mammals. British Journal of Nutrition, 4, 332–353.
Thompson, S. D. (1992). Gestation and lactation in small mammals: basal metabol1c rate and the limits of energy use. In T. E. Tomasi & T. H. Horton (Eds.), Mammalian energetics: interdisciplinary views of metabolism and reproduction (pp. 213–259). Ithaca, NY: Comstrock Publishing Associates (Cornell University Press).
Tilden, C. D. (1993). The reproductive energetics of prosimian primates. Ph.D. thesis, Duke University. Durham, NC.
Wright, P. C. (1990). Patterns of paternal care in primates. International Journal of Primatology, 11 (2), 89–102.
Young, A. L., Richard, A. F. and Aiello, L. C. (1990). Female dominance and maternal investment in strepsirhine primates. American Naturalist, 135, 473–488.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tilden, C.D., Oftedal, O.T. (1995). The Bioenergetics of Reproduction in Prosimian Primates: is it Related to Female Dominance?. In: Alterman, L., Doyle, G.A., Izard, M.K. (eds) Creatures of the Dark. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2405-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2405-9_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3250-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2405-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive