Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Psychoanatomy of Binocular Single Vision

  • Chapter
Presbyopia Research

Part of the book series: Perspectives in Vision Research ((PIVR))

  • 94 Accesses

Abstract

Humans, in common with the rest of the vertebrates, have two eyes. In common with a significant subset of the vertebrates, notably predators, the visual fields of those two eyes overlap to a substantial extent. This arrangement offers a number of substantial benefits. Binocular overlap makes possible stereoscopic depth perception (Wheatstone, 1938). Many visual tasks are performed better with two eyes than one (Blake and Fox, 1974; Blake et al., 1981 ; Jones and Lee, 1981). Two eyes together have a larger field of view than one eye, even in animals with frontal eyes. Finally, two eyes provide insurance against the loss of one eye.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, J. D., Bechtoldt, H. P., and Gregory, L. D., 1978, Binocular integration in line rivalry, Bull. Psychonom. Soc. 11:399–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anstis, S. M., and Duncan, K., 1983, Separate motion aftereffects from each eye and from both eyes, Vision Res. 23:161–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asher, H., 1953, Suppression theory of binocular vision, Br. J. Ophthalmol. 37:37–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., 1977, Threshold conditions for binocular rivalry, J. Exp. Psychol. 3:251–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., 1989, A neural theory of binocular rivalry, Psychol. Rev. 96:145–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., and Boothroyd, K., 1985, The precedence of binocular fusion over binocular rivalry, Percept. Psychophys. 37:114–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., and Bravo, M., 1985, Binocular rivalry suppression interferes with phase adaptation, Percept. Psychophys. 38:277–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., and Camisa, J., 1978, Is binocular vision always monocular? Science 200:1497–1499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., and Fox, R., 1972, Interocular transfer of adaptation to spatial frequency during retinal ischaemia, Nature [New Biol] 240:76–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., and Fox, R., 1973, The psychophysical inquiry onto binocular summation, Percept. Psychophys. 14:161–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., and Fox, R., 1974, Adaptation to invisible gratings and the site of binocular rivalry suppression, Nature 249:488–490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., andO’Shea, R. P., 1988, “Abnormal fusion” of stereopsis and binocular rivalry, Psychol. Rev. 95:151–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., and Overton, R., 1979, The site of binocular rivalry suppression, Perception 8:143–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., Overton, R., and Lema-Stern, S., 1981, Interocular transfer of visual aftereffects, J. Exp. Psychol. 88:327–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C., and Julesz, B., 1971, Stereoscopic depth aftereffect produced without monocular cues, Science 171:286–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boring, E. G., 1942, Sensation and Perception in the History of Psychology, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, T. G. R., and Haley, L. J., 1964, Temporal effects in binocular vision, Psychon. Sci. 1:409–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braddick, O., Campbell, F. W., and Atkinson, J., 1978, Channels in vision: Basic aspects, in: Perception: Handbook of Sensory Physiology (R. Held, W. H. Leibowitz, and H.-L. Teuber, eds.), 3–38, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, D., Frisby, J. P., and Mayhew, J. E. W., 1988, Interaction of texture and stereo cues in the perception of surface slant: Evidence for surface orientation anisotropy in cue integration, Perception 17:A384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulthoff, H. H., and Mallot, H., 1988, Integration of depth modules: Local and global depth measurements, IOVS ARVO [Suppl.] 29:400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulthoff, H. H., and Mallot, H. A., 1988, Integration of depth modules: Stereo and shading, J. Opt. Soc. Am. [A] 5:1749–1758.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burian, H. M., and Noorden, G. K., 1974, Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, C. V. Mosby, St. Louis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, F. W., and Maffei, L., 1971, The tilt aftereffect: A fresh look, Vision Res. 11:833–840.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, P., and Favreau, O. E., 1985, Color and luminance share a common motion pathway, Vision Res. 25:1595–1601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, P., Tyler, C. W., and Favreau, O. E., 1984, Perceived velocity of moving chromatic gratings, J. Opt. Soc. Am. [A] 1:893–899.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cogan, A. I., 1982, Monocular sensitivity during binocular viewing, Vision Res. 22:1–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cogan, R., 1973, Distributions of durations of perception in the binocular rivalry of contours, J. Gen. Psychol. 89:297–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cogan, R., and Goldstein, A. G., 1972, Reporting fragmentations in the binocular rivalry of contours, Am. J. Psychol. 85:569–584.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crabus, H., and Stadler, M., 1973, An investigation of the localization of the perceptual process: Figurai aftereffects under binocular-rivalry conditions, Perception, 2:67–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creed, R. S., 1935, Observations on binocular fusion and rivalry, J. Physiol. (Lond.) 84:381–392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, E., 1958, Binocular fusion of dissimilar figures, Psychol. 46:53–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R., and Check, R., 1966, Forced-choice recognition during binocular rivalry, Psychon. Sci. 6:471–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R., and Check, R., 1968, Detection of motion during binocular rivalry suppression, J. Exp. Psychol. 78:388–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frisby, J. P., and Clatworthy, J. L., 1974, Learning to see complex random-dot stereograms, Perception 4:173–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frisby, J. P., and Mayhew, J. E. W., 1978a, Contrast sensitivity function for stereopsis, Perception 7:423–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frisby, J. P., and Mayhew, J. E. W., 1978b, The relationship between apparent depth and disparity in rivalrous-texture stereograms, Perception 7:661–678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. J., 1937, Adaptation with negative aftereffect, Psychol. Rev. 44:222–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A. G., 1970, Binocular fusion and contour suppression, Percept. Psychophys. 7:28–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grindley, G. C., and Townsend, V., 1965, Binocular masking induced by a moving object, J. Exp. Psychol. 17:97–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastorf, A. H., and Myro, G., 1959, The effect of meaning on binocular rivalry, Am. J. Psychol. 72:393–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helmholtz, H. von, 1924, Treatise on Physiological Optics (trans, from 3rd German ed., 1909), The Optical Society of America, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hering, E., 1920/1964, Outlines of a Theory of the Light Sense (L. Hurvich and D. Jameson, trans.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, p. 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochberg, J., 1964, Contralateral suppressive fields of binocular combination, Psychon. Sci. 1:157–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, D. H., and Livingstone, M. S., 1987, Segregation of form, color, and stereopsis in primate area 18, J. Neurosci. 7:3378–3415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurvich, L. M., and Jameson, D., 1955, Some quantitative aspects of an opponent-colors theory: II. Brightness, saturation, and hue in normal and dichromatic vision, J. Ophthalmol. Soc. Am. 45:602–616.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jameson, D., and Hurvich, L. M., 1955, Some quantitative aspects of an opponent-colors theory: I. Chromatic responses and spectral saturation, J. Ophthalmol. Soc. Am. 45:546–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jampolsky, A., 1955, Characteristics of suppression in stabismus, AMA Arch. Ophthalmol. 54:683–696.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. K., and Lee, D. N., 1981, Why two eyes are better than one: Two views of binocular vision, J. Exp. Psychol. 7:30–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julesz, B., 1971, Foundations of Cyclopean Perception, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Julesz, B., and Miller, J. E., 1975, Independent spatial-frequencytuned channels in binocular fusion and rivalry, Perception 4:125–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julesz, B., and Tyler, C. W., 1976, Neurontropy, an entropy-like measure of neural correlation in binocular fusion and rivalry, Biol. Cybernet. 23:25–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, I. T, and Metlay, W., 1964, Light intensity and binocular rivalry, J. Exp. Psychol. 67:22–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L., 1963, On the spread of suppression and binocular rivalry, Vision Res. 3:401–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L., 1974, Sight and Mind, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L., and Arditi, A., 1976, The fusion illusion, Vision Res. 16:335–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, W., and Wallach, H., 1944, Figurai aftereffects: An investigation of visual processes, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 88:4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmkuhle, S. W., and Fox, R., 1975, Effect of binocular rivalry suppression on the motion aftereffect, Vision Res. 15:855–859.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, M. S., and Hubel, D. H., 1987, Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and stereopsis, J. Neurosci. 7:3416–3468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, M., and Hubel, D., 1988, Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: Anatomy, physiology, and perception, Science 240:740–749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makous, W., and Sanders, K. R., 1978, Suppressive interactions between fused contours, in: Visual Psychophysics and Physiology (J. C. Armington, J. Krauskopf, and B. R. Wooten, eds.), 167–179, Academic Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McCollough, C., 1965, Color adaptation of edge-detectors in the human visual system, Science 149:1115–1116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, D. E., 1969, Qualitative depth localization with diplopic images of dissimilar shape, Vision Res. 9:991–994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulden, B., 1980, Aftereffects and the integration of neural activity within a channel, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.] 290:39–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, K., and Shimojo, S., 1988, Depth, rivalry and subjective contours from unpaired monocular points, IOVS ARVO [Suppl.] 29:21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogle, K. N., 1952, On the limits of stereoscopic vision, J. Exp. Psychol. 44:253–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Shea, R. P., 1987, Chronometrie analysis supports fusion rather than suppression theory of binocular vision, Vision Res. 27:781–791.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Shea, R. P., and Blake, R., 1987, Depth without disparity in random-dot stereograms, Percept. Psychophys. 42:205–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Shea, R. P., and Crassini, B., 1981, Interocular transfer of the motion aftereffect is not reduced by binocular rivalry, Vision Res. 21:801–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Over, R., Long, N., and Lovegrove, W., 1973, Absence of binocular interaction between spatial and color attributes of visual stimuli, Percept. Psychophys. 13(3):534–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panum, P. L., 1957, Physiological Investigations Concerning Vision with 2 Eyes, Dartmouth Eye Institute, Hanover, NH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poggio, G. F., and Fischer, B., 1977, Binocular interaction and depth sensitivity in the striate and prestriate cortex of behaving rhesus monkey, J. Neurophysiol. 40:1392–1405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poggio, G. F., and Talbot, W. H., 1981, Mechanisms of static and dynamic stereopsis in foveal cortex of the rhesus monkey, J. Physiol. (Lond.) 315:469–492.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, V. S., and Sriram, S., 1972, Stereopsis generated with Julesz patterns in spite of rivalry imposed by colour filters, Nature 237:347–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, W., 1970, Stereopsis and stereoblindness, Exp. Brain Res. 10:380–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, W., 1971, Anomalous stereoscopic depth perception, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61:410–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D., and Blake, R., 1988, Mislocalization of diplopic images, J. Opt. Soc. Am. [A] 5:1512–1521.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schor, C.M., 1977, Visual stimuli for strabismic suppression, Perception, 6:583–593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schor, C.M., 1987, Spatial factors limiting stereopsis and fusion, Optics News 13:14–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schor, C. M., Wood, I., and Ogawa, J., 1984, Binocular sensory fusion is limited by spatial resolution, Vision Res. 24:661–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schor, C.M., Landsman, L., and Erickson, P., 1987, Ocular dominance and the interocular suppression of blur in monovision, Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 64:723–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shattuck, S., and Held, R., 1974, Color and edge sensitive channels converge on stereo-depth analyzers, Vision Res. 14:309–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheedy, J. E., and Fry, G. A., 1979, The perceived direction of the binocular image, Vision Res. 19:201–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimojo, S., and Nakajima, Y., 1981, Adaptation to the reversal of binocular depth cues: Effects of wearing left-right reversing spectacles on stereoscopic depth perception, Perception 10:391–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloane, M. E., and Blake, R., 1987, Perceptually unequal spatial frequencies do not yield stereoscopic tilt, Percept. Psychophys. 42:569–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. L., Levi, D. M., Harwerth, R. S., and White, J. M., 1982, Color vision is altered during the suppression phase of binocular rivalry, Science 218:802–804.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treisman, A., 1962, Binocular rivalry and stereoscopic depth perception, Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 14:23–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, C. W., 1975, Stereoscopic tilt and size aftereffects, Perception 4:187–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, C. W., 1983, Sensory processing of binocular disparity, in: Vergence Eye Movements (C W. Schor and K. J. Ciuffreda, eds.), 199–295, Butterworth, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, C. W., 1984, Sensory processing of binocular disparity, in: Vergence Eye Movements (C. W. Schor and K. J. Ciuffreda, eds.), 199–295, Butterworth, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeff, F. H., 1933, Effect on steropsis produced by disparate retinal images of different luminosities, Arch. Ophthalmol. 10:640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeff, F. H., 1935, A new theory of binocular vision, Arch Ophthalmol. 13:152–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeff, F. H., 1959, Panum’s area and some other prevailing misconceptions concerning binocular vision, Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 57:37–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, N. J., 1973, Binocular rivalry and binocular fusion of after-images, Vision Res. 13:999–1000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, N. J., and Wenderoth, P., 1978, The influence of colour and contour rivalry on the magnitude of the tilt aftereffect, Vision Res. 18:827–835.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wales, R., and Fox, R., 1970, Increment detection thresholds during binocular rivalry suppression, Percept. Psychophys. 8:90–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, P., 1978, Binocular rivalry: Central or peripheral selective processes, Psych. Bull. 85:376–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Washburn, M. F., and Manning, P., 1934, Retinal rivalry in free vision of a solid object, Am. J. Psychol. 46:632–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westheimer, G., and McKee, S. P., 1980, Stereoscopic acuity with defocused and spatially filtered retinal images, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70:772–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheatstone, C., 1838, Some remarkable and hitherto unobserved phenomena of binocular vision, Phil. Trans. (Lond.) 128:31l-394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheatstone, C., 1852, Some remarkable and hitherto unobserved phenomena of binocular vision: Part Two, Phil. Mag. 4:504–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, K. D., Petry, H. M., Riggs, L. A., and Miller, J., 1978, Binocular interactions during establishment of McCollough effects, Vision Res. 18:1201–1215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlgemuth, A., 1911, On the aftereffect of seen movement, Br. J. Psychol. 1 (monograph supplement): 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. M., 1983a, Afterimages, binocular rivalry, and the false fusion phenomenon, Perception 12:439–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. M., 1983b, Influence of spatial frequency, luminance, and duration on binocular rivalry and abnormal fusion of briefly present, dichoptic stimuli, Perception 12:447–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. M., 1986a, Briefly presented stimuli can disrupt constant suppression and binocular rivalry suppression, Perception 15:413–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. M., 1986b, Stereopsis and binocular rivalry, Psychol. Rev. 93:269–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. M., and Blake, R., 1985, Dissecting the binocular visual system with psychophysical tools, in: Models of Visual Cortex (D. Rose and V.G. Dobson, eds.), 192–199, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. M., and Held, R., 1981, A purely binocular mechanism in human vision, Vision Res. 21:1755–1759.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. M., and Held, R., 1982, Binocular adaptation that cannot be measured monocularly, Perception 11:287–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. M., and Held, R., 1983, Shared characteristics of stereopsis and the purely binocular process, Vision Res. 23:217–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA

    Jeremy M. Wolfe

Authors
  1. Jeremy M. Wolfe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Essilor, Creteil, France

    Gérard Obrecht

  2. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

    Lawrence W. Stark

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wolfe, J.M. (1991). The Psychoanatomy of Binocular Single Vision. In: Obrecht, G., Stark, L.W. (eds) Presbyopia Research. Perspectives in Vision Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2131-7_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2131-7_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3217-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2131-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation