Abstract
Those who have not been faced with the task of giving a reasonable account of languages whose varieties do not include a standard may fail to appreciate the difficulty of the task. The linguistic varieties within different native languages in the Great Basin and in the Southwest of America are easier to account for than those of aboriginal Australia, for example, because the Australian languages are virtually all related, and because any language may consist — or have consisted — of a chain of dialects such that the dialect of a given small area is intelligible to the dialects in the flanking small areas, while the dialects at the geographical ends of the linguistically interlocking or intermeshing small areas are separated by as much of a language barrier as could be expectable between any two separate languages that are in fact related, but most distantly so. Any non-contiguous dialect is apt to be not quite intelligible to its once removed neighbor; yet since adjacent dialect links in the chain are mutually intelligible, the dialect chain as a whole can be claimed to constitute a single language — though one which is not amenable to the usual criterion of intelligibility based on sharing a high percentage of cognates. The correlation alleged to exist between percentage of same or recognizable lexical items and some degree of intelligibility in dialect distance testing would yield an increase in ‘separate’ language count — but, paradoxically, would isolate ‘separate’ languages which are never separated by a language barrier at any particular point along the unbroken dialect chain. Furthermore, where the dialect chain is broken by relocation of societies in the historical or the protohistorical period, the distinction between separate languages and dialects of the same language would be impossible to attest even with the dubious definiteness of dialect distance testing of unbroken chains of dialects.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Aberle, David F. 1967. The Navaho singer’s fee’: Payment or prestation? Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 15–32. The Hague, Mouton.
Alvarez, Albert. 1965. Some Papago puns. IJAL 31. 106–7.
Bascom, Burton William, Jr. 1965. Proto-Tepiman. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington.
Basso, Keith H. 1967. Semantic aspects of linguistic acculturation. AmA 69. 471–7.
Basso, Keith H. 1971. `To give up on words’: Silence in Western Apache culture. Studies in Apachean culture history and ethnology, ed. by Morris Opler and Keith H. Basso. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.
Basso, Keith H. In press. Western Apache witchcraft. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 1971.
Black, Robert A. 1967. Hopi grievance chants: A mechanism of social control. Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 54–67. The Hague, Mouton.
Bodine, John James. 1967. Attitudes and institutions of Taos, New Mexico: Variables for value system expression. Ph.D. Dissertation, Tulane University.
Brandt, Elizabeth. 1970. On the origins of linguistic stratification: The Sandia case. AnL 12. 46–50.
Bright, William, and Jane Hill. 1967. The linguistic history of the Cupeíio. Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 351–71. The Hague, Mouton.
Casagrande, Joseph B., and Kenneth Hale. 1967. Semantic relationships in Papago folk-definitions. Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 165–93. The Hague, Mouton.
Cox, Bruce. 1970. What is Hopi gossip about? Information management and Hopi factions. Man 5. 88–98.
Crawford, James M. 1966. The Cocopa language. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Crawford, James M. 1970. Some cognate sets from Chimariko and several Yuman languages. Paper presented at the Hokan Conference, University of California, San Diego.
Dozier, Edward P. 1954. The Hopi-Tewa of Arizona. UCPAAE 44 /3.
Dozier, Edward P. 1967. Linguistic acculturation studies in the southwest. Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 389–402. The Hague, Mouton.
Eggan, Dorothy. 1955. The personal use of myth in dreams ( Hopi ). JAF 68. 445–53.
Eggan, Fred. 1950. The social organization of the Western Pueblos. Chicago.
Eggan, Fred. 1967. From history to myth: A Hopi example. Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 33–53. The Hague, Mouton.
Everett, Michael W. 1970. White Mountain Apache medical decision making. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona.
Frigout, Arlette. 1966. L’espace cérémoniel des indiens Hopi (Arizona-Etats Unis.) ICA.
Goss, James A. 1968. Cultural-historical inference from Utaztekan linguistic evi- dence. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum 22. 1–42.
Goss, James A. 1970 Voiceless vowels (?) in Numic languages. Languages and cultures of Western North America, ed. by Earl H. Swanson, Jr., pp. 37–46. Pocatello, University of Idaho Press.
Granberry, Julian. 1967. Zuni syntax. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo.
Haas, Mary. 1970. The northern California linguistic area. Paper presented at the Hokan Conference, University of California, San Diego.
Hale, Kenneth. 1962. Jemez and Kiowa correspondences in reference to KiowaTanoan. IJAL 28. 1–5.
Hale, Kenneth. 1967. Toward a reconstruction of Kiowa-Tanoan phonology. IJAL 33.112–20.. 1969. Papago /cim/. IJAL 35. 203–21.
Halpern, A.M. 1946–47. Yuma I, H, III, IV, V. IJAL 12.25–33, 147–51, 204–12, 13. 18–30, 147–66.
Harms, Robert. 1966. Stress, voice, and length in Southern Paiute. IJAL 32. 228–35.
Harrington, John P. 1910. An introductory paper on the Tiwa language, dialect of Taos, New Mexico. AmA 12. 11–48. (Reprinted as no. 14 of the Papers of the School of American Archaeology.)
Hill, Jane H. 1966. A grammar of the Cupeíio language. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Hill, Kenneth. 1967. A grammar of the Serrano language. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Hill, Kenneth. 1969. Some implications of Serrano phonology. Papers from the Fifth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, ed. by Robert I. Binnick et al., pp. 357–65. Chicago.
Hopkins, Nicholas A. 1965. Great Basin prehistory and Uto-Aztecan. AmAntiq 31. 46–60.
Hyde, Villiana. 1971. Introduction to Luiseíïo, ed. by Ronald Langacker. Banning, Calif., Malki Museum.
Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1964. A grammar of the Washo language. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1970. Observations on the Yana stop series in relationship to problems of comparative Hokan phonology. Paper presented at the Hokan Conference, University of California, San Diego.
Joel, Judith Dina. 1967. Paipai phonology and morphology. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Kennard, Edward A. 1963. Linguistic acculturation in Hopi. IJAL 29. 36–41.
Kennard, Edward A. In press. Metaphor and magic: Key concepts in Hopi culture and their linguistic forms. Studies in linguistics, ed. by M. Estellie Smith.
Krauss, Michael E. 1970. Review of: Sapir and Hoijer, The phonology and morphology of the Navaho language. IJAL 36. 220–8.
Krauss, Michael E. 1973. Na-Dene. CTL 10. 903–78.
Kroeber, A.L. 1907. Shoshonean dialects of California. UCPAAE 4. 65–165.
Kroeber, A.L. 1931. The Seri. Southwest Museum Papers 6.
Kunitz, S.J., J. E. Levy, P. Bellet and T. Collins. 1969. Census of Flagstaff Navajos. Plateau 41. 156–63.
Kunitz, S.J., J.E. Levy and M. Everett. 1969. Alcoholic cirrhosis among the Navajo. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 30. 672–85.
Kunitz, S.J., J.E. Levy and C.L. Odoroff. 1970. A one year follow-up of Navajo migrants to Flagstaff, Arizona. Plateau 42. 92–106.
Lamb, Sydney M. 1958. Linguistic prehistory in the Great Basin. IJAL 24. 95100.
Lamb, Sydney M. 1964. The classification of the Uto-Aztekan languages: A historical survey. Studies in California linguistics, ed. by William Bright, pp. 106–25. UCPL 34.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1970. The vowels of proto Uto-Aztecan. IJAL 36. 169–80.
Langdon, Margaret. 1970a. A grammar of Diegueno: The Mesa Grande dialect. UCPL 66.
Langdon, Margaret. 1970b. The Proto-Yuman vowel system. Paper presented at the Hokan Conference, University of California, San Diego.
Leap, William L. 1970. Tiwa noun class semology: A historical view. AnL 12. 38–45.
Levy, Jerrold E. 1961. Navajo health concepts and behavior: The role of the Anglo medical man in the Navajo healing process. Tuba City Hospital Bulletin 2/2. Tuba City, Calif.
Levy, Jerrold E. 1962. Medical decision making in a Navajo outfit. United States Public Health Service, Window Rock Field Office. Window Rock, Arizona.. 1965. Navajo suicide. HO 24. 308–18.
Levy, J.E., and S.J. Kunitz. 1969. Notes on some White Mountain Apache social pathologies. Plateau 42. 11–19.
Levy, J.E., and S.J. Kunitz. In press. Indian reservations, anomie, and social pathologies. Studies of contemporary Indian reservations, ed. by R. Hackenberg and D. Walker.
Levy, J.E., S.J. Kunitz and M. Everett. 1969. Navajo criminal homicide. SJA 25. 124–52.
Levy, J. E., S. J. Kunitz, C. L. Odoroff and J. Bollinger. In press. Hopi deviance: An historical and epidemiological survey. Essays in honor of Fred Eggan, ed. by A. Spoehr.
Lindenfeld, Jacqueline. 1969. A transformational grammar of Yaqui. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Longacre, Robert E. 1968. Comparative reconstruction of indigenous languages. CTL 4. 320–60.
Mccawley, James D. 1969. Length and voicing in Tübatulabal. Papers from the Fifth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, ed. by Robert I. Binnick et al., pp. 407–15. Chicago.
Marino, Joel M. 1967. Grammar of Acoma Keresan. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University.
Mathiot, Madeleine. 1967. The cognitive significance of the category of the nominal number in Papago. Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 197–237. The Hague, Mouton.
Miller, Mary R. 1970. The language and language beliefs of Indian children. AnL 12. 51–61.
Miller, Wick R. 1959. A note on Kiowa linguistic affiliations. AmA 61. 102–5.
Miller, Wick R. 1965. Acoma grammar and texts. UCPL 40.
Miller, Wick R. 1966. Anthropological linguistics in the Great Basin. The current status of anthropological research in the Great Basin: 1964, ed. by Warren L. d’Azevedo, et al., pp. 75–112. Reno, University of Nevada Press.
Miller, Wick R. 1967. Uto-Aztecan cognate sets. UCPL 48.
Miller, Wick R. 1970. Western Shoshoni dialects. Languages and cultures of western North America, ed. by Earl H. Swanson, Jr., pp. 17–36. Pocatello, University of Idaho Press.
Moser, Edward. 1970. Some Seri morphophonemic data and Inflectional verb affixes: Seri data sheet. Papers presented at the Hokan Conference, University of California, San Diego.
Nagata, Shuichi. 1970. Modern transformations of Moenkopi Pueblo. Illinois Studies in Anthropology 6. Urbana, Ill.
Newman, Stanley S. 1958. Zuni dictionary. IUPAL 6.
Newman, Stanley S. 1964. Comparison of Zuni and California Penutian. IJAL 30. 1–13.
Newman, Stanley S. 1965. Zuni grammar. UNMPA 14.
Ortiz, Alfonso. 1969. The Tewa world. Chicago.
Ortiz, Alfonso., ed. In press. New perspectives on the Pueblos. Monographs of the School of American Research.
Perchonock, Norma, and Oswald Werner. 1969. Navaho systems of classification: Some implications for ethnoscience. Ethnology 8. 229–42.
Redden, James E. 1966. Walapai I, II. IJAL 32.1–16, 141–63.
Sapir, Edward. 1910. Yana texts. UCPAAE 9.
Sapir, Edward. 1922. The fundamenta 1 elements of Northern Yana. UCPAAE 13. 215–34.
Sapir, Edward. 1923. Text analyses of three Yana dialects. UCPAAE 20. 263–94.
Sapir, Edward. 1929. Central and North American languages. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed., pp. 5.138–41. [Reprinted in SWES..., pp. 169–75.]
Sapir, Edward, and Morris Swadesh. 1960. Yana dictionary, ed. by Mary Haas. UCPL 22.
Sapir, Edward, and Harry Hoijer. 1967. The phonology and morphology of the Navajo language. UCPL 50.
Seiden, William. 1963. Havasupai phonology and morphology. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University.
Seiler, Hansjakob. 1970. Cahuilla texts with an introduction. LSM 6.
Shafer, Robert. 1967. A bibliography of Uto-Aztecan with a note on biogeography. IJAL 33. 148–59.
Siiimkin, Demitri B., and Russell M. Reid. 1970. Socio-cultural persistence among Shoshoneans of the Carson River basin (Nevada). Languages and cui[tures of western North America, ed. by Earl H. Swanson, Jr., pp. 172–200. Pocatello, Idaho University Press.
Smith, M. Estellie. 1967. Aspects of social control among the Taos Indians. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo.
Speck, Frank G. 1928. Chapters on the ethnology of the Powhatan tribes of Virginia. Indian Notes and Monographs 1. 227–455.
Speirs, Randall H. 1966. Some aspects of the structure of Rio Grande Tewa. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo.
Swadesh, Morris, and C.F. Voegelin. 1939. A problem in phonological alternation. Lg 15. 1–10.
Tedlock, Dennis. In press. Pueblo literature: Style and verisimilitude. New perspectives on the Pueblos, ed. by Alfonso Ortiz. Monographs of the School of American Research.
Tedlock, Dennis. 1971a. On the translation of style in oral narrative. JAF.
Tedlock, Dennis. 1971b. Finding the Center: Narrative poetry of the Zuni Indians. New York, Dial Press.
Titiev, Mischa. 1972. The Hopi Indians of Old Oraibi. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
Trager, Felicia Harben. 1968. Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico: An ethnolinguistic `salvage’ study. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo.
Trager, George L. 1948, 1954, 1960, 1961. Taos I, II, IV. IJAL 14.155–60, 20.173–80, 27.211–22; Taos III. AnL 2: 2. 24–30.
Trager, Felicia Harben. 1967. The Tanoan settlement of the Rio Grande area: A possible chronology. Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 335–50. The Hague, Mouton.
Trager, Felicia Harben. 1969. Taos and Picuris–How long separated? IJAL 35. 180–2.
Trager, George L., and Felicia Harben Trager. 1970. The cardinal directions at Taos and Picuris. AnL 12. 31–7.
Troike, Rudolph C. 1970. The linguistic classification of Cochimi. Paper presented at the Hokan Conference, University of California, San Diego.
Turner, Paul R. 1970. Pluralization of nouns in Seri and Chontal. Paper presented at the Hokan Conference, University of California, San Diego.
Voegelin, C. F. 1935. Tübatulabal grammar. UCPAAE 34. 55–190.
Voegelin, C. F. 1959. An expanding language, Hopi. Plateau 32. 33–9.
Voegelin, C. F. and E. W. 1946. Map of North American Indian languages. PAES 20.
Voegelin, Charles F., and Florence M. Voegelin. 1957. Hopi domains: A lexical approach to the problem of selection. IUPAL 14.
Voegelin, Charles F., and Florence M. Voegelin. 1966. Map of North American Indian languages. PAES revised 20.. 1967. Review of: Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, Die nordamerikanischen Indianer- sprachen. Lg 43. 573–83.
Voegelin, Charles F., and Florence M. Voegelin. 1969. Hopi /?as/. IJAL 35. 192–202.
Voegelin, Charles F., and Florence M. Voegelin. 1970a. Hopi names and no names. Languages and cultures of western North America, ed. by Earl H. Swanson, Jr., pp. 47–53. Pocatello, Idaho University Press
Voegelin, Charles F., and Florence M. Voegelin. 1970b. Cross-cultural typologies and folk taxonomies. Echanges et communications: Mélanges offerts à Claude Lévi-Strauss, II, pp. 1132–47. The Hague, Mouton.
Voegelin, Charles F., and Florence M. Voegelin. 1971. The autonomy of linguistics and the dependence of cognitive culture. Studies in American Indian languages, Papers in honor of Mary Haas, ed. by Jesse O. Sawyer (UCPL 65, pp. 303–17).
Voegelin, C.F., F. M. Voegelin and Kenneth L. Hale. 1962. Typological and comparative grammar of Uto-Aztecan: I (phonology). IUPAL 17.
Voegelin, C.F., F. M. Voegelin and Noel W. Schutz, Jr. 1967. The language situation in Arizona as part of the Southwest culture area. Studies in Southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 403–51. The Hague, Mouton.
Walker, Douglas. 1970. Diegueíio plural formation. Linguistic Notes from La Jolla 4. 1–16. La Jolla, Calif., University of California at San Diego.
Walker, Willard. 1964. Reference, taxonomy, and inflection in Zuni. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.
Walker, Willard. 1966. Inflection class and taxonomic structure in Zuni. IJAL 32. 217–27.
Walker, Willard. In press. A lexicon of Zuni household items with contextual definitions. New Haven, Human Relations Area Files.
Wares, A. C. 1968. A comparative study of Yuman consonantism. The Hague, Mouton.
Werner, Oswald, and Kenneth Begishe. 1966. Anatomical atlas of the Navajo. Mimiographed, Evanston, Illinois.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939. Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 14.
Whorf, Benjamin L. 1935. The comparative linguistics of Uto-Aztecan. AmA 37. 600–08.
Whorf, Benjamin Lee, and George L. Trager. 1937. The relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan. AmA 39. 609–24.
Winter, Werner. 1967. The identity of the Paipai. Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, ed. by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 372–8. The Hague, Mouton.
Wyman, Leland C. 1951. The ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho. University of New Mexico Publications in Biology 5.
Wyman, Leland C. 1957. Beautyway: A Navaho ceremonial. Bollingen Series 53. New York, Bollingen Foundation.
Wyman, Leland C. 1962. The Windways of the Navaho. Colorado Springs, Colo.
Wyman, Leland C. 1965. The Red Antway of the Navaho. Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Wyman, Leland C. 1970a. Blessingway. Tucson, Arizona.
Wyman, Leland C. 1970b. Sandpaintings of the Navaho Shootingway and the Walcott Collection. SCA 13.
Wyman, Leland C., and Flora L. Bailey. 1964. Navaho Indian ethnoentomology. UNMPA 12.
Wyman, Leland C., and S.K. Harris. 1941. Navajo Indian medical ethnobotany. UNM-B 366.
Yegerlehner, John. 1957. Phonology and morphology of Hopi-Tewa. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Voegelin, C.F., Voegelin, F.M. (1976). Southwestern and Great Basin Languages. In: Sebeok, T.A. (eds) Native Languages of the Americas. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1559-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1559-0_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1561-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1559-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive