Abstract
Epidemiology is the study of the determinants and distribution of health and disease in populations.115) It is a quantitative science concerned with the circumstances under which disease processes occur, the factors that affect their incidence and spread, and the use of this knowledge for prevention and control. (65) It includes the pathogenesis of disease in both the community and the individual. For infectious diseases, one must study the circumstances under which both infection and disease occur, for these may be different. Infection is the consequence of an encounter of a potentially pathogenic microorganism with a susceptible human host through an appropriate portal of entry. Exposure is the key factor, and the sources of infection lie mostly outside the individual human host, within the environment, or in other infected hosts. Disease represents one of the possible consequences of infection, and the factors important in its development are mostly intrinsic to the host, although the dosage and virulence of the infecting microbe play a role.
Chapter PDF
References
Achara I. L., Lowe, C. V., Thappa, R., Gurubacharza, L. L., Shrestha, M. B., Cadoz, M., Schulz, D., Armand, J., Bryla, D. A., Trollfors, B., Cranston, J. P., Schneerson, R., and Robbins, J. B., Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhii. A preliminary report, N. Engl. J. Med. 317:1101–1104 (1987).
Andriole, V. T., Pyelonephritis, in: Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. (P. D. Hoeprich and M. C. Jordan, eds.), pp. 578–590, Harper & Row, New York, 1989.
Aronsen, S. S., and Osterholm, M., Infectious disease in child day care: Management and prevention. Summary of the symposium and recommendations, Rev. Infect. Dis. 8:672–679 (1986).
Barrett-Connor, E., Infectious and chronic disease epidemiology: Separate and unequal? Am. J. Epidemiol. 109:245–249 (1979). 249 (1979).
Bellanti, J. A. (ed.), Immunology, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1978.
Benacerraf, B., Suppressor T cells and suppressor factor, Hosp. Pract. 13(4):65–75 (1978).
Benacerraf, B., and Unanue, E. R. Textbook of Immunology, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1979.
Benenson, A. S. (ed.) Control of Communicable Diseases in Man, 14th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1985.
Benner, E. J., and Hoeprich, P. D., Acute bacterial meningitis, in: Infectious Diseases (P. D. Hoeprich, ed.), pp. 931–944, Harper & Row, New York, 1972.
Bennett, J. V., and Brachman, P. S. (eds.), Hospital Infections, 2nd ed., Little, Brown, Boston, 1986.
Berger, S. A., Hazelh, N., and Weitzman, S., Prophylactic antibiotic in surgical procedures, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 146:469–475 (1978).
Berman, S., and Mcintosh, K., Selective primary health care: Strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XXI. Acute respiratory infections, Rev. Infect. Dis. 7:674–691 (1985).
Blake, P. A., Allegra, D. T., Snyder, J. D., Barnett, T. J., Mcfarland, L., Caraway, C. T., Feeley, J. C., Craig, J. P., Lee, J. V., Puhr, N. D., and Feldman, R. A., Cholera-A possible endemic focus in the United States, N. Engl. J. Med. 302:305–309 (1980)
Blake, P. J., and Perez, R. C., Applied Immunological Concepts, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1978.
Bodily, H. L., Updyke, E. L., and Mason, J. O. (eds.), Diagnostic Procedures for Bacterial, Mycotic, and Parasitic Infections, American Public Health Association, New York, 1970.
Boisvert, P. L., Darrow, D. C., Powers, G. F., and Trask, J. D., Streptococcus in children, Am. J. Dis. Child. 64:516–538 (1942).
Brasfield, D. A., Stagno, S., Whitley, R. J., Cloud, G., Cassell, G., and Teller, R. E., Infant pneumonitis associated with cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia, Pneumophilia, and Ureaplasma. Follow up, Pediatrics 79:76–83 (1982).
Centers for Disease Control, 68 National Nosocomial Infections, Study and Hospitals, 1970.
Centers for Disease Control, Isolation techniques for use in hospitals, Phs Publ. No. 2054, 1970.
Centers for Disease Control, Shigellosis related to an airplane meal, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 20:397–402 (1971).
Centers for Disease Control, Cholera, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 21:392 (1972).
Centers for Disease Control, Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine , Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 26:401–407 (1977).
Centers for Disease Control, Selected recommendations of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices: Collected recommendations on routine childhood vaccines, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 26:401–402, (1977).
Centers for Disease Control, Selected recommendations of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices: Collected recommendations on routine childhood vaccines, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 26:407, 444 (1977).
Centers for Disease Control, Cholera vaccine, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 27:173–174 (1978).
Centers for Disease Control, Typhoid vaccine, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 27:231–233 (1978).
Centers for Disease Control, Plague vaccine, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 27:255–258 (1978).
Centers for Disease Control, Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 27:327–329 (1978).
Centers for Disease Control, Reported morbidity and mortality in the United States, 1978, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. (Suppl.) 27(54):1–94 (1979).
Centers for Disease Control, Nonreported sexually transmissible diseases-United States, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 28:61–63 (1979).
Centers for Disease Control, National nosocomial infections study report 1977 (Nov. 1979).
Centers for Disease Control, Investigation of disease outbreaks, principles of epidemiology, Homestudy Course 3030G, Manual 6, pp. 1–79 (1979).
Centers for Disease Control, Acip recommendations, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 32:1–17 (1983).
Centers for Disease Control, Supplementary statement of contraindications to receipt of pertussis vaccine, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 33:169–171 (1984).
Centers for Disease Control, Nosocomial infection surveillance, 1983, Cdc Surveillance Summaries, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 33:1ss–32ss (1984).
Centers for Disease Control, New recommended schedule for active immunization of normal infants and children, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 35:577–579 (1986).
Centers for Disease Control, Annual summary 1984, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 33:1–135 (1986).
Centers for Disease Control, Summary of notifiable diseases, United States 1985, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 34:1–21 (1987).
Centers for Disease Control, AIDS Information Unit, Personal communication (Oct. 22, 1987).
Centers for Disease Control, Tetanus-United States, 1985–1986, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 36:477–481 (1987).
Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service guidelines for counseling and antibody testing to prevent HIV infection and AIDS, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 36:509–515 (1987).
Centers for Disease Control, Summary of the second national community forum on adult immunization, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 36:677–680 (1987).
Centers for Disease Control, Increase in primary and secondary syphilis in the United States, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 36:393–396 (1987).
Centers for Disease Control, Update. Prevention of Hemophilus influenzae type B disease, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Repj. 37:13–16 (1988).
Centers for Disease Control, Health information for international travel, 1989, Hhs Publ. No. (CDC) 89–8280.
Chanock, R. M., Fox, H. H., James, W. D., Gutekunst, R. R., White, R. J., and Senterfit, L. B., Epidemiology of M. pneumoniae infection in military recruits, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 143:484–496 (1967).
Cho, C. T., and Dudding, B. A., Pediatric-Infectious Diseases, Medical Examination Publishing, Garden City. N.Y., 1978.
Clemens, J. D., Choung, J., and Feinstein, A., The BCG controversy: A methodological and statistical reappraisal, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 249:2362–2369 (1983).
Clemens, J. D., Sack, D. A., Harris, J. R., Chakraborty, J., Khan, M. R., Stanton, B. F., Kay, B. A., Khan, M. U., Yunis, M., Atkinson, W., Svennerholm, A.-M., and Holmgren, J., Field trial of oral cholera vaccine in Bangladesh, Lancet 2: 124–127 (1986).
Congeni, B. L., and Nankervis, G. A., Diagnosis of pneumonia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of respiratory secretions, Am. J. Dis. Child. 132:684–687 (1978).
Consensus Development Conference Panel, Consensus development statement, Rev. Infect. Dis. 1:S227–S233 (1986).
Davidson, G. P., Bishop, R. F., Townley, R. R. W., Holmes, I. H., and Ruck, B. J., Importance of a new virus in acute sporadic enteritis in children, Lancet 1: 242–246 (1975).
Denny, F. W., Clyde, W. A., Jr., and Glezen, W. P., Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease: Clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and control, J. Infect., Dis. 123:74–92 (1971).
Diamantstein, T., Oppenheim, J. J., Unanue, E. R., Wood, D. D., Handschumacher, R. E., Rosenstreich, D. L., and Waksman, B. H., Nonspecific “lymphocyte activating” factors produced by macrophages, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 14:264–267 (1979).
Dinarello, C. A., and Mier, J. W., Lymphokines, N. Engl. J. Med. 317:940–945 (1987).
Drachman, R. H., Acute infectious gastroenteritis, Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 25:711–741 (1978).
Dupont, H. L., Enteropathogenic organism, new etiologic agent and concepts of disease, Med. Clin. North Am. 62: 945–960 (1978).
Dupont, H. L., Sullivan, P., Evans, D. G., Pickering, L. K., Evans, D. J., Vollet, J. J., Ericsson, C. D., Ackerman, P. B., and Tjoa, W. S., Prevention of traveler’s diarrhea (emporiatric enteritis), J. Am. Med. Assoc. 243:237–271 (1980).
Evans, A. S., Clinical syndromes in adults caused by respiratory infection, Med. Clin. North Am. 51:803–818 (1967).
Evans, A. S., New discoveries in infectious mononucleosis, Mod. Med. 42:18–24 (1974).
Evans, A. S., Diagnosis and prevention of common respiratory infections, Hosp. Med. 10:31–41 (1974).
Evans, A. S., Serologic studies of acute respiratory infections in military personnel, Yale J. Biol. Med. 48:201–209 (1975).
Evans, A. S., Causation and disease: The Henle-Koch postulates revisited, Yale J. Biol. Med. 49:175–195 (1976).
Evans, A. S., Limitation of Koch’s postulates [letter to the editor], Lancet 2:1277–1278 (1977).
Evans, A. S., Causation and disease: A chronological journey, Am. J. Epidemiol. 108:249–258 (1978).
Evans, A. S., Re: Definitions of epidemiology [letter], Am. J. Epidemiol. 109:379–381 (1979).
Evans, A. S., The clinical illness promotion factor: A third ingredient, Yale J. Biol. Med. 55:193–199 (1982).
Evans, A. S. (ed.), Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control, 3rd ed., Plenum Medical, New York, 1989.
Evans, A. S., Subclinical epidemiology. The First Harry A. Feldman Memorial Lecture, Am. J. Epidemiol. 125:545–555 (1987).
Evans, A. S., and Brachman, P. S., Emerging issues in infectious disease epidemiology, J. Chronic Dis. 39:1105–1124 (1986).
Evans, A. S., and Dick, E. C., Acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis in University of Wisconsin students, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 190:699–708 (1964).
Evans, A. S., and Feldman, H. A. (eds.), Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control, Plenum Medical, New York, 1982.
Evans, A. S., Allen, V., and Sueltmann, S., Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in University of Wisconsin students, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 96:237–244 (1967).
Fedson, D. S., and Rusthoven, J., Acute lower respiratory disease, Primary Care 6: 13–41 (1979).
Feigin, R. D., and Cherry, J. D. (eds.), Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, 1987.
Fekety, F. R. Jr., Caldwell, J., and Gump, D., Bacteria, viruses, and mycoplasmas in acute pneumonia in adults, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 104:499–507 (1971).
Fiumara, N. J., The sexually transmissible diseases, Dis. Mon. 25:3–38 (1978).
Food and Drug Administration, Hiv precautions for health care professionals, Fda Bull. 17:16–17 (1987).
Fox, J. P., and Hall, C. E., Viruses in Families: Surveillance as a Key to Epidemiology of Virus Infections. PSG Pub. Co. Littleton, Mass., 1980.
Foy, H. M., Grayston, J. T., Kenny, G. E., Alexander, E. R., and Mcmahan, R., Epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in families, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 197:859–866 (1966).
Fraser, D. W., Tsai, T. R., Orenstein, W., Parkin, W. E., Beecham, H. J., Sharrar, R. G., Harris, J., Mallison, G. F., Martin, S. M., Mcdade, J. E., Shepard, C. C., Brachmann, P. B., and the field investigation team, Legionnaire’s disease-Description of an epidemic of pneumonia, N. Engl. J. Med. 297:1189–1197 (1977).
Glezen, W. P., Clyde, W. A., Senior, R. J., Scheaffer, C. I., and Denny, F. W., Group A streptococci, mycoplasmas, and viruses associated with acute pharyngitis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 202:455–460 (1967).
Glorig, A., and Ger, K. S., Otitis Media, Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1972.
Gorbach, S. L., and Khurana, C. M., Toxigenic Escherichia coli: A cause of infantile diarrhea in Chicago, N. Engl. J. Med. 287:791–797 (1971).
Grayston, J. T., Kuo, C. C., Wang, S. P., and Altman, J., A new Chlamydia psittace strain, Twar, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections, N. Engl. J. Med. 315:161–168 (1986).
Gregg, M. B., The principles of epidemic field investigation, in: Oxford Textbook of Public Health, Volume 3 (A. Chappie, W. W. Holland, R. Detels, and G. Knox, eds.), pp. 284–297, Oxford University Press, London, 1985.
Handsfield, H. H., Gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis: Recent advances, Med. Clin. North Am. 62:925–943 (1978).
Helstad, A. G., Mandel, A. D., and Evans, A. S., Thermostable Clostridium perfringens as cause of food poisoning outbreak, Public Health Rep. 82:157–161 (1967).
Henderson, F. L., Collier, A. M., Sanyal, M. A., Watkins, J. M., Fairclough, D. L., Clyde, W. A., Jr., and Denny, F. W., A longitudinal study of respiratory viruses and bacteria in the etiology of acute otitis media with effusion, N. Engl. J. Med. 306:1377–1383 (1982).
Henle, J., On Miasmata and Contagie, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1938 (translated and with an introduction by G. Rosen).
Hoeprich, P. D., Chemoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, in: Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed. (P. D. Hoeprich, ed.), pp. 190–206, Harper & Row, New York, 1977.
Hoeprich, P. D. (ed.), Infectious Diseases, 3rd ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1983.
Holmes, K. K., and Stamm, W. E., Chlamydial genital infections: A growing problem, Hosp. Pract. 14:105–117 (1979).
Hood, L. E., Weissman, I. L., and Wood, W. B., Immunology, 2nd ed., Benjamin/Cummings, Reading, Mass., 1984.
Horan, T. C., White, J. W., Jarvis, W. R., Emori, T. G., Culver, D. H., Munn, V. P., Thornsberry, C., Olson, S. R., and Hughes, J. M., Nosocomial infection surveillance, 1984, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 35:17ss-29ss (1986).
Huebner, R. J., The virologist’s dilemma, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 67:430–445 (1957).
Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, New Vaccine Development, Establishment of Priorities, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1985.
Jawetz, E., Melnick, J. L., and Adelberg, E. A., Review of Medical Microbiology, 17th ed., Lange, Los Altos, Calif., 1987.
Jenkins, W. D., Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Personal communication (March 1986).
Johnson, R. T., and Gibbs, C. J. Jr., Editorial: Koch’s postulates and slow infections of the nervous system, Arch. Neurol. 30:36–38 (1974).
Jupa, J. E., Venereal disease, Primary Care 6:113–126 (1979).
Kallman, F. J., and Reisman, D., Twin studies on the significance of genetic factors in tuberculosis, Am. Rev. Tuberc. 47:549–574 (1943).
Kaufman, S. H. E., Possible role of helper and cytolytic T lymphocytes in antibacterial defense. Conclusions based on a murine model of listeriosis, Rev. Infect. Dis. 9(Suppl. 5):S650–S659 (1987).
Kelsey, J., Douglas, W. D. Jr., and Evans, A. S., Methods in Observational Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, London, 1986.
Klein, J. O., Feigin, R. D., and Mccracken, G. H. Jr., Report of the task force on diagnosis and management of meningitis, Pediatrics 78(Suppl., Part 2):956–989 (1986).
Knight, V. (ed.), Viral and Mycoplasma Infections of the Respiratory Tract, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1973.
Koch, R., Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose, Berl. Klin. Wochenschr. 19:221–230 (1882).
Koch, R., Ueber bacteriologische Forschung, in: Verh. X Int. Med. Congr., p. 35, Verlag von August Hirschwald, Berlin, 1892.
Langmuir, A. D., and Gangarosa, E. J., Practical outline of major forms of enteric disease, Presented at the Iea Regional Scientific Meeting on Enteric Infections, Alexandria, Egypt (1978).
Last, J. M., A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford Medical Publications, 2nd ed., New York, 1989.
Lennette, E. H., Balowe, A., Hausler, W. J., and Shadomy, J., (eds.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 4th ed., American Society for Clinical Microbiology, Bethesda, 1985.
Lilienfeld, A. M., The epidemiologic method in cancer research, J. Chronic Dis. 8:647–654 (1958).
Lilienfeld, A. M., and Lilienfeld, D. E., Fundamentals of Epidemiology, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, London, 1982.
Lilienfeld, D. E., Definitions of epidemiology, Am. J. Epidemiol. 107:87–90 (1978).
Macdonald, K. L., and Griffin, D. M., Foodborne disease outbreaks, annual summary, 1982, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 35:7ss–16ss (1986).
Macmahon, B., and Pugh, T. F., Epidemiology: Principles and Methods, Little, Brown, Boston, 1970.
Mandell, G. L., Douglas, R. G. Jr., and Bennett, J. E. (eds.), Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1985.
Maxy, K. G., Roseneau, M. J., and Last, J. M., (eds.), Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 12th ed., AppletonCentury-Crofts, New York, 1986.
Mcallister, T. A., Percival, A., Alexander, J. G., Boyce, J. M. H., Dulake, C., and Wormald, P. J., Multicentric study of sensitivities or urinary tract pathogens, Postgrad. Med. J. (Sept. Suppl.) 47:7–14 (1971).
Mccormack, W. M., Sexually transmissible diseases, Postgrad. Med. 58:179–186 (1975).
Mccormack, W. M., Viral, fungal, parasitic, and other sexually transmitted infections, Forum Infect. 4:3–22 (1977).
Mims, C. A., The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease, 3rd ed., Academic Press/Grune & Stratton, New York, 1987.
Nossal, G. J. V., The basic components of the immune system, N. Engl. J. Med. 316:1320–1325 (1987).
Osterholm, M. T., Pierson, L. M., White, K. E., Libby, T. A., Kuritsky, J. N., and Mccollough, J. G., The risk of Hemophilus influenzae type B disease among children in daycare: Results of a two-year statewide prospective surveillance and contact survey, N. Engl. J. Med. 316:1–5 (1987).
Parry, J. V., Perry, K. R., and Mortimer, P. P., Sensitive assays for viral antibodies in saliva: An alternative to tests on serum, Lancet 2:72–75 (1987).
Powers, G. F., and Boisvert, P. L., Age as a factor in streptococcus, J. Pediatr. 25:481–509 (1944).
Price, D. L., Tetanus toxin: Direct evidence for retrograde intraaxonal transport, Science 188:945–947 (1975).
Rappule, R., Perguni, M., and Falsen, E., Molecular epidemiology of the 1984–1986 outbreak of diphtheria in Sweden, N. Engl. J. Med. 318:12–14 (1988).
Reimann, H. M., The Pneumonias, Green, St. Louis, 1971.
Rivers, T. M., Viruses and Koch’s postulates, J. Bacteriol. 33:1–12 (1937).
Roit, I. M., Essential Immunology, 2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford, 1974.
Ruddle, N., Tmor necrosis factor and related cytotoxins, Immunol. Today 8: 129–130 (1987).
Schlech, W. F., Ward, J. I., Band, J. D., Hightower, A., Fraser, D., and Broome, C., Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1978 through 1981, The National Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance Study, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 253:1749–1754 (1985).
Seto, D. W. Y., and Heller, R. M., Acute respiratory infections, Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 21:683–709 (1974).
Sours, H. E., and Smith, D. G., Outbreaks of foodborne diseases in the United States, 1972–1978, J. Infect. Dis. 141:122–125 (1980).
Tillotson, J. R., and Finland, M., Bacterial colonization and clinical superinfection of the respiratory tract complicating antibiotic treatment of pneumonia, J. Infect. Dis. 119:597–624 (1969).
Todd, M. J., Sexually transmitted diseases in Canada in 1985, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 136:849–851 (1985).
Tosato, G., Magrath, I., Koski, I., Dooley, N., and Blaese, M., Activation of suppressor T cells during Epstein-Barr-virus-induced infectious mononucleosis, N. Engl. J. Med. 301:1133–1137 (1979).
Urbaschek, B., and Urbaschek, R., Introduction and summary. Perspectives on bacterial pathogenesis and host defense, Rev. Infect. Dis. 9:(Suppl. 5):S431–S436 (1987).
Veterans Administration Ad Hoc Interdisciplinary Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Drug Usage (C. Kunin, chairman), Audit of antimicrobial usage: Prophylaxis in surgery, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 237:1003–1008 (1977).
Ward, J. I., Clegg, H. W., Wasserman, R., Rosenberg, G., and Siber, G. R., Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia. A prospective study demonstrating the utility of latex agglutination for diagnosis, Pediatr. Res. 15:124 (Abstr. 1088) (1981).
Wehrle, P. F., Meningitis, in: Communicable and Infectious Diseases (F. H. Top, and P. F. Wehrle, eds.), pp. 436–453, Mosby, St. Louis, 1976.
Wing, E. J., and Remington, J. S., Cell-mediated immunity and its role in resistance to infection (medical progress), West. J. Med. 126:14–31 (1977).
World Health Organization, Special Program on Aids and Expanded Program in Immunization. Joint statement. Consultation on human immunodeficiency virus and routine childhood immunizations, Who Weekly Epidemiol. Rec. 62:297–299 (1988).
Wright, R. A., Spencer, H. C., Brodsky, R. E., and Vernon, T. M., Giardiasis in Colorado. An epidemiologic study, Am. J. Epidemiol. 105:330–356 (1977).
Yolken, R. H., Wyatt, R. G., Zissis, G., Brandt, C. D., Rodriguez, W. J., Kim, H. W., Parrott, R. H., Urrutia, J. J., Mata, L., Greenberg, H. B., Kapikian, A. Z., and Chanock, R. M., Epidemiology of human rotavirus types 1 and 2 as studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, N. Engl. J. Med. 299:1156–1161 (1978).
Zinkernagel, R. M., Major transplantation antigens in host responses to infection, Hosp. Pract. 13:83–92 (1978).
16. Suggested Reading
Benenson, A. S. (ed.), Control of Communicable Diseases in Man, 13th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1981.
Evans, A. S. (ed.), Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control, 3rd ed., Plenum Medical, New York, 1989.
Feigin, R. D., and Cherry, J. D. (eds.), Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, 1987.
Hennekens, C. H., and Buring, J. L., Epidemiology in Medicine, Little, Brown, Boston, 1987.
Hoeprich, P. D., and Jordan, M. C. (eds.), Infectious Diseases, 4th ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1989.
Jawetz, E., Melnick, J. L., and Adelberg, E. A., Review of Medical Microbiology, 17th ed., Lange, Los Altos, Calif. 1987.
Kelsey, J., Thompson, W. D., and Evans, A. S., Methods in Observational Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, London, 1986.
Mandell, G. L., Douglas, R. G. Jr., and Bennett, J. E. (eds.), Principles and Practice ofInfectious Diseases, Volumes 1 and 2, Wiley, New York, 2nd ed., 1985.
Mims, C. A., The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease, 3rd ed., Academic Press/Grune & Stratton, New York, 1987.
Wehrle, P. F., and Top, F. H., Sr., Communicable and Infectious Diseases, 9th ed., Mosby, St. Louis, 1981.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Evans, A.S. (1991). Epidemiological Concepts. In: Evans, A.S., Brachman, P.S. (eds) Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1211-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1211-7_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1213-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1211-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive