Abstract
Botulism is uncommon in the United States, but it may rapidly cause death, and contaminated, commercially distributed products may expose many persons. It is both a medical and an epidemiological emergency. Because of extensive media coverage of recent outbreaks and reports of contaminated commercial products, public interest in and awareness of this disease have greatly increased.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arnon, S. S., Miidura, T. F., and Clay, S. A., Infant botulism: Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 237:1946–1951 (1977).
Arnon, S. S., Midura, T. F., Damus, K., Wood, R. M., and Chim, J., Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome, Lancet 1:1273–1277 (1978).
Baird-Parker, A. C., and Freame, B., Combined effect of water activity, pH, and temperature on the growth of Clostridium botulinum from spores and vegetative cell inocula, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 30:420–429 (1967).
Barker, W. H., Weissman, J. B., Dowell, V. R., Gutman, L., and Kautter, D. A., Type B botulism outbreak caused by a commercial food product, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 237:456–459 (1977).
Black, R. E., and Arnon, S. S., Botulism in the United States, 1976, J.Infect. Dis. 136:829–832 (1977).
Boroff, D. A., and Shu-Chen, G., Radioimmunoassay for type A toxin of Clostridium botulinum, Appl. Microbiol. 25:545–549 (1973).
Burke, G. S., The occurrence of Bacillus botulinus in nature, J.Bacteriol. 4:541–553 (1919).
Burke, G. S., Notes on Bacillus botulinus, J. Bacteriol. 4:555–565 (1919).
Cardella, M. A., Botulinum toxoids, in: Botulism (K. H. Lewis and K. Cassel, eds.), U.S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, 1964.
Centers for Disease Control, Botulism in The United States, 1899–1973: Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory workers, p. 3, 1974.
Centers for Disease Control, Follow-up: Botulism associated with commercial cherry peppers, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 25:148 (1976).
Centers for Disease Control, Infant botulism-Arizona, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 27:411–412 (1978).
Cherington, M., Botulism: Ten-year experience, Arch. Neurol. 30:432–437 (1974).
Cherington, M., and Ginsberg, S., Type B botulism: Neurophysiologic studies, Neurology 21:43–46 (1971).
Clay, S. A., Ramseyer, J. C., Fishman, L. S., and Sedgwick, R. P., Acute infantile motor unit disorder: Infant botulism, Arch. Neruol. 34:236–243 (1977).
Davis, B. D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H. N., and Wood, W. B., Microbiology, pp. 672–674, Harper and Row, New York, 1967.
Davis, B. D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H. N., and Wood, W. B., Microbiology, pp. 828–831, Harper and Row, New York, 1967.
Dickson, E. C., Botulism: A clinical and experimental study, Rockefeller Inst. Med. Res. Monogr., No. 8, pp. 1–117 (1918).
Dolman, C. E., Darby, G. E., and Lane, R. F., Type E botulism due to salmon eggs, Can. J. Public Health 46:135–141 (1955).
Dolman, C. E., Tomisch, M., Campbell, C. C. R., and Laing, W. B., Fish eggs as a cause of human botulism: Two outbreaks in British Columbia due to type E and B botulinal toxins, J. Infect. Dis. 106:5–19 (1960).
Dowell, V. R., and Hawkins, T. M., Laboratory Methods in Anaerobic Bacteriology: Cdc Laboratory Manual, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, 1974.
Dowell, V. R., Mccroskey, L. M., Hatheway, C. L., Lombard, G. L., Hughes, J. Mi., and Merson, M. H., Coproexamination for botulinal toxin and Clostridium botulinum, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 238:1829–1832 (1977).
Eisenberg, M., and Bender, T. R., Botulism in Alaska, 1947 through 1974, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 235:35–38 (1976).
Eklund, M. W., Poysky, F. T., and Boatman, E. J., Bacteriophages of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F and nontoxigenic strains resembling type E, J. Virol. 3:270–274 (1969).
Eklund, M. W., Poysky, F. T., Reed, S. M., and Smith, C. A., Bacteriophage and the toxigenicity of Clostridium botulinum type C, Science 172:480–482 (1971).
Engel, W. K., Brief, small, abundant motor unit potentials, Neurology 25:173–176 (1975).
Federal Register, Thermally processed low-acid foods packaged in hermetically sealed containers: Manufacture and processing, 38, No. 16, pp. 2398–2410, Jan. 24, 1973.
Federal Register, Thermally processed low-acid foods packaged in hermetically sealed containers: Records Retention Requirements, 39, No. 20, p. 37–54, Jan. 24, 1974.
Federal Register, Thermally processed low-acid foods packaged in hermetically sealed containers: Miscellaneous amendments, 39, No. 63, p. 11,876, April 1, 1974.
Fiock, M. A., Cardella, M. A., and Gearinger, N. F., Studies on immunity to toxins of Clostridium botulinum. Ix. Immunologic response of man to purified pentavalent A, B, C, D, E botulinum toxoid, J. Immunol. 90:697–702 (1963).
Fiock, M. A., Devine, L. F., Gearinger, N. F., Duff, J. T., Wright, G. G., and Kadull, P. J., Studies on immunity to toxins of Clostridium botulinum. VIII. Immunological response of man to purified bivalent Ab botulinum toxoid, J. Immunol. 88:277 (1962).
Gangarosa, E. J., Donadio, J. A., Armstrong, R. W., Meyer, K. F., Brachman, P. S., and Dowell, V. R., Botulism in the United States, 1899–1969, Am. J. Epidemicl. 93:93–101 (1971).
Gimenez, D. F., and Ciccarelli, A. S., Another type of Clostridium botulinum, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1: 215:212–220 (1970).
Gunn, R. A., and Terranova, W. A., Botulism in the United States, 1977, Rev. Infect. Dis. 1:722–725 (1979).
Gunnison, J. B., Cummings, J. R., and Meyer, K. F., Clostridium botulinum type E, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 35:278–280 (1936–1937) .
Guyton, A. C., and Macdonald, M. A., Physiology of botulinus toxin, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 57:578–591 (1947).
Gutman, L., Pathophysiologic aspects of human botulism, Arch. Neurol. 33:975–79 (1976).
Horwitz, M. A., Hughes, J. M., Merson, M. H., and Gangarosa, E. J., Foodborne botulism in the United States, 1970–1975, J. Infect. Dis. 136:153–159 (1977).
Ito, K. A., Seslar, D. J., Mercern, W. A., and Meyer, K. F., The thermal and chlorine resistance of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E spores, in: Botulism 1966 (M. Ingram and T. A. Roberts, eds.), pp. 108–122, Chapman and Hall, London, 1967.
Johnson, H. M., Brenner, K., Angelotti, R., and Hall, H. E., Serological studies of types A, B, and E botulinal toxins by passive hemagglutination and bentonite flocculation, J. Bacteriol. 91:967–974 (1966).
Johnson, R. O., Clay, S. A., and Arnon, S. S., Di- agnosis and management of infant botulism, Am. J. Dis. Child. 133:586–593 (1979).
Kao, I., Drachman, D. B., and Price, D. L., Botulinum toxin: Mechanism of presynaptic blockade, Science 193:1256–1258 (1976) .
Kerner, C. A. J., Neue Beobachtungen uber die in Württemberg so häufig vorfallenden todlichen Vergiftungen durch in den Genuss geraucherter Wurste, Tübingen, 1829; cited in Dickson. (17a)
Koenig, G. M., Spickard, A., Cardella, M. A., and Rogers, D. E., Clinical and laboratory observations on type B botulism in man, Medicine 43:517–545 (1964).
Koenig, G. M., Drutz, D. J., Mushlin, A. I., Schaffner, W., and Rogers, D. E., Type B botulism in man, Am. J.Med. 42:209–219 (1967) .
Landman, G., Ueber die Urasche der Darmstadter Bohnenvergiftung, Hyg. Rundsch. 10:449–452 (1904).
Lynt, R. K., Soloman, H. M., and Kautter, D. A., Immunofluorescence among strains of Clostridium botulinum and other clostridia by direct and indirect methods, J.Food Sci. 36:594–599 (1971).
Maclennan, J. D., Anaerobic infection of war wounds in the Middle East, Lancet 2:63–66 (1943).
Mayhen, J. W., and Gorbach, S. L., Rapid gas chromatographic technique for presumptive detection of Clostridium botulinum in contaminated food, Appl. Microbiol. 29:297–299 (1975).
Merson, M. H., and Dowell, V. R., Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory aspects of wound botulism, N. Engl. J. Med. 289:1005–1010 (1973).
Merson, M. H., Hughes, J. M., Dowell, V. R., Taylor, A., Banker, W. H., and Gangarosa, E. J., Current trends in botulism in the United States, J.Am. Med. Assoc. 229:1305–1308 (1974).
Mestrandea, L. W., Rapid detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin by capillary tube diffusion, Appl. Microbiol. 27:1017–1022 (1974).
Meyer, K. F., and Dubovsky, B. J., The distribution of the spores of B. botulinus in California, J. Infect. Dis. 31:541–555 (1922).
Midura, T. F., and Arnon, S. S., Infant botulism: Identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxin in faeces, Lancet 2:934–936 (1976).
Midura, T. F., Taclindo, C., Nygaard, G. S., Bodily, H. L., and Wood, R. M., Use of immunofluorescence and animal tests to detect growth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in food, Appl. Microbiol. 16:102–105 (1968).
Miller, C. A., and Anderson, A. W., Rapid detection and quantitative estimation of type A botulinum toxin by electroimmunodiffusion, Infect. Immun. 4:126–129 (1971).
Mitsui, N., Kiritani, K., and Nishida, S., A lysin(s) in lysates of Clostridium botulinum A190 induced by ultraviolet ray or mitomycin C, Jpn. J. Microbiol. 17:353–360 (1973).
Moller, V., and Scheibel, I., Preliminary report on the isolation of an apparently new type Clostridium botulinum, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 48:80 (1960).
Ono, T., Kanashimada, T., and Iida, H., Studies on the serum therapy of type E botulism (part Iii), Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 23:177 (1970).
Petersen, I., and Broman, A., Electromyographic findings in a case of botulism, Nord. Med. 65:259 (1961).
Pivnick, H., Johnston, M. A., Thacker, C., and Rubin, L. J., Effect of nitrite on destruction and germination of Clostridium botulinum and putrefactive anaerobes 3679 and 3679 h in meat and in buffer, Can. Inst. Food Technol.J. 3:103–109 (1970).
Roberts, T. A., and Ingram, M., The resistance of spores of Clostridium botulinum type E to heat and radiation, J.Appl. Bacteriol. 28:125–137 (1965).
Roberts, T. A., and Ingram, M., Radiation resistance of spores of Clostridium species in aquaeous suspension, Food Sci. 30:879–885 (1965).
Roberts, T. A., and Hobbs, G., Low temperature growth characteristics of clostridia, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 31:75–88 (1968).
Rustigian, R., and Cipriani, A., The bacteriology of open wounds, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 133:224–230 (1947).
Sakaguchi, G. S., Sakaguchi, S., Kozaki, S., Sugii, S., and Ohishi, I., Cross reaction in reversed passive hemagglutination between Clostridium botulinum type A and B toxins and its avoidance by the use of antitoxic component immunoglobin isolated by affinity chromatography, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 27:161–172 (1974).
Schroeder, K., and Tallefsrud, A., Botulism from fermented trout, Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 82:1084 (1962).
Segner, W. P., and Schmidt, C. F., Resistance of spores of marine and terrestrial strains of Clostridium botulinum type C, Appl. Microbiol. 22:1030–1033 (1971).
Shield, L. K., Wilkinson, R. G., and Ritchie, M., Infant botulism in Australia, Med. J. Aust. 1:157 (1978).
Smith, L. D., Botulism: The Organism, Its Toxins, the Disease, pp. 15–33, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1977.
Terranova, W. A., Palumbo, J. N., and Breman, J. G., Ocular findings in botulism type B, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 241:479–477 (1979).
Terranova, W. A., Breman, J. G., Locey, R. P., and Speck, S., Botulism type B: Epidemiologic aspects of an extensive outbreak, Am. J. Epidemiol. 108:150–156 (1978).
Turner, H. D., Brett, E. M., Gilbert, R. J., Ghosh, A. C., and Liebeschuetz, H. J., Infant botulism in Fngland, Ianrpt 1:1277–1278 (1978).
Tyler, H. R., Physiologic observations in human botulism, Arch. Neurol. 9:661–670 (1973).
United States Department of Agriculture, Home Canning of Fruits and Vegetables, Home and Garden Bulletin No. 8, 1975.
Van Ermengem, E., Ueber einen neuen anaeroben Bacillus and seine Beziehungen zum Botulismus, Z. Hyg. Infekttionskr. 26:1–56 (1897).
Vermilyea, B. L., Walker, H. W., and Ayres, J. C., Detection of botulinal toxins by immunodiffusion, Appl. Microbiol. 16:21–24 (1968).
Zezones, H., and Hutchings, I. J., Thermal resistance of Clostridium botulinum (62A) spores as affected by fundamental food constituents, Food Technol. 19:1003–1005 (1965) .
Suggested Reading
Arnon, S. S., Midura, T. F., and Clay, S. I., Infant botulism: Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory aspects, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 237:1946–1951 (1977).
Centers for Disease Control, Botulism in the United States, 1899–1977: Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers (1978).
Gangarosa, E. J., Botulism, in: Infectious Diseases (P. D. Hoeprich, ed.), pp. 1031–1036, Harper and Row, Hagerstown, Maryland, 1972.
Merson, M. H., and Dowell, V. R., Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory aspects of wound botulism, N. Engl. J. Med. 289:1005–1010 (1973).
Smith, L. D., Botulism: The Organism, Its Toxins, the Disease, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1977.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Terranova, W. (1982). Botulism. In: Evans, A.S., Feldman, H.A. (eds) Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1140-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1140-0_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1142-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1140-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive