Abstract
Hidden charm in the form of the J/ψ) was discovered in 19741, naked charm in the form of the D meson in 19762 (though the first example3 of Λc+ was probably seen in 1975), hidden beauty in the form of the T in 19774, and naked beauty through its decay kaons and electrons in 19805. Even though the partner of the beauty, the top, is still to be discovered, and heavier flavours may exist, there is now a tendency, in these days when enterprising people are hunting for intermediate vector bosons, Higgs bosons, SUSY particles, proton decay, neutrino oscillations, etc., to take the world of heavy flavours for granted, or at best as a subject for e+e−colliders. However, there are several compelling reasons to pursue a vigorous effort in this field with proton machines:
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i)
A heuristic reason is that, contrary to prevailing prejudice, most of the first evidence for new flavours was found, directly or indirectly, in hadronic interactions. This was the case for pions and strange particles (cosmic rays) and all their resonances (bubble chambers) -- for lack of competition, one may say -- but, more recently, this was true also for the J, the T, the Λc, the Σc, the F (as opposed to the ψ, D, D*, and B for the e+e−colliders) and there are still many charmed particles and all of the B particles to find! As for the naked top the competition is open between the SPS pp collider and the boosted-up PETRA. If the mass of the top is too high and/or if heavier flavours exist, only the pp colliders (at CERN or FNAL) remain in the game -- until the advent of TRISTAN, SLC, and LEP.
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ii)
Another heuristic reason is that fixed-target experiments with high-energy beams (γ or hadrons) are the only way, thanks to the Lorentz dilation of time, to measure very small lifetimes, as are expected for beauty particles (τ r 10−14 cm →λ ≲ 100 μm at p ≃ 150 GeV/c). In the same line of thought, hyperon and kaon beams should be a good way to produce charmed-strange particles (A, F+,...).
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iii)
Finally, a more profound motivation to study hadroproduction of heavy flavours lies in the fact that it falls in a domain of relatively large Q2’s where QCD should apply -- and hence, as for the Drell-Yan process or the high-pi phenomena, QCD should have a predictive power which can be tested by experiment. As we shall see, this is not yet quite the case for charm production, though qualitatively our understanding has progressed a lot over the last two years; experimental data on beauty production, which involves higher Q2 ‘s, should be extremely valuable, as well as more complete results on charm production versus energy.
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Muller, F. (1984). Hadroproduction of Heavy Flavours. In: Zichichi, A. (eds) Gauge Interactions. The Subnuclear Series, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0749-6_17
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