Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Applied General Systems Research pp 655–685Cite as

Systems Research and Social Sciences

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: NATO Conference Series ((SYSC,volume 5))

Abstract

The task defined for this lecture is that of giving an introduction to the conference theme “Advances of Systems Research in Social Sciences,” and providing for some survey snapshots. They will sometimes be blurred, not merely because of the fuzziness of these concepts, but also due to the need for applying many different viewpoints and thereby for shifting or remaking distinctions. The close coupling to biological and physio-behavioral disciplines on one side, to physical and technical concerns on another, and to humanistic and Verstehen-oriented problems on a third side, has made the sciences of man and society emerge as a battleground for multiple and incompatible cores. These make for identity crises rather than paradigmatic crises in these sciences. This may perhaps be documented through reference to two large collections of contributions appearing at the turn of this decade: (i) The huge International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968) [1], and the (ii) Unesco document on Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences (Part 1: Social Sciences, 1970) [2], in spite of a small section on systems analysis in (i) and a large section on interdisciplinarian research in (ii).

“Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty of time as she went down to look about her, and to wonder what was going to happen next.” — Lewis Carroll

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References and Notes

  1. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by D. L. Sills, Macmillan Co. & The Free Press, 1968. (The small section TSystems Analysis’ contains contributions by A. Rapoport on General Systems Theory, pp. 452–458; by J. Parsons on Social Systems, pp. 458–473; by W. C. Mitchell on Political Systems, pp. 473–479; by M. A. Kaplan on International Systems, pp. 479–486; and by D. S. Cockman on Psychological Systems, pp. 486–495.)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Main trends of research in the social and human sciences. (Part I: Social Sciences). Mouton/Unesco, Paris, The Hague, 1970. (The large section interdisciplinary aspects of research’ contains contributions by J. Piaget on common mechanisms, pp. 467–528; by R. Boudon on mathematical models, pp. 529–577; by P. de Bie on problem-focused research, pp. 578–644; and by S. Rokkan on cross-cultural, cross-societal, and cross-national research, pp. 645–692.)

    Google Scholar 

  3. E. Laszlo, Introduction to Systems Philosophy, Harper & Row, New York, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  4. J. Piaget, Le Structuralisme, Presse Universitaires de France, Paris, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  5. R. K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, The Free Press of Glencoe, pp. 19–84, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  6. L. von Bertalanffy, Modem Theories of Development, Oxford University Press, New York, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  7. G. C. Homans, The Human Group, Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., New York, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  8. W. Buckley, Sociology and modem systems theory, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  9. F. Heider, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, John Wiley, New York, 1958.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. K. Marx, Verker i Utvalg (1 økonomisk-Filosofiske manuskripter), Pax forlag, Oslo, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  11. W. R. Ashby, An Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  12. G. H. Mead, The Philosophy of the Present, The University of Chicago Press, Illinois, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  13. G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  14. K. Lewin, Field theory in social science, Harper, New York, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  15. A. Angyal, Foundations for a science of personality, The Commonwealth Fund, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  16. E. Laszlo, Essential society, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1963.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  17. P. A. Sorokin, Sociological Theories of Today, Harper, New York, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  18. K. W. Deutsch, The Nerves of Government, The Free Press, New York, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  19. T. M. Mills, Working Papers on Systems-Awareness and Systems-Development, Institute of Sociology, University of Oslo, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning, 18, No. 2, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  21. O. R. Young, “A Survey of General Systems Theory,” In: General Systems, Vol. IX, Ann Arbor, 1964, pp. 61–80.

    Google Scholar 

  22. W. Buckley (ed), Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist, Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  23. T. W. Simon, “Systems Analysis as Empirically Purposeful,” General Systems Theorizing, Proceedings (1976 Annual North American Meeting), pp. 18–21, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  24. R. H. Howe and H. von Foerster, “Introductory comments to Francisco Varela’s Calculus for self-reference,” Int. Journal of General Systems, No. 1, pp. 1–4, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. W. Ross Ashby, “Systems and their informational measures,” In: Trends in General Systems Theory, edited by G. J. Klir, John Wiley, New York, pp. 78–97.

    Google Scholar 

  26. L. A. Zadeh, “Theory of Fuzzy Sets,” In: Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Edited by J. Keltzer, A. Holzman and A. Konk, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  27. B. R. Gaines and L. J. Kohout, “The logic of Automata,” Int. Journal of General Systems, 2, No. 4, pp. 191–208, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. L. A. Zadeh, Fuzzy Sets as a Basis for a Theory of Possibility. Memo No. UCB/ERL M77/12, Electronics Research Lab., Univ. of California, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  29. K. E. Boulding, The Image, The University of Michigan Press, East Lansing, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  30. V. Lefebvre, “Introreflective analysis: Using Algebraic Polynomials with Boolean Coefficients to represent a Person’s Inner World,” Behavioral Science, 22, No. 1, pp. 49–52, January 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. R. D. Evered, “Organizational Activism and Its Relation to “Reality” and Mental Imagery,” Human Relations, 30, No. 4, pp. 311–334, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. F. J. Varela, “A Calculus for Self-reference,” Int. Journal of General Systems, 2, No. 1, pp. 5–24, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. R. A. Orchard, “On the Laws of Form,” Int. Journal of General Systems, 2, No. 2, pp. 99–106, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. W. R. Ashby, “General Systems Theory as a New Discipline,” In: General Systems, Vol. III, Ann Arbor, pp. 1–7, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  35. G. Frege, “Ueber Sinn und Bedeutung,” Zeitschrift für Philos, und Phil. Kritik, 100, 1892.

    Google Scholar 

  36. G. Spencer Brown, Laws of Form, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  37. N. Müller, “Systems Theories in the Social Sciences,” In: Systems Theory in the Social Sciences, edited by H. Bossel, S. Klaczko and N. Müller, Birkhaüser, pp. 9–21, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  38. C. W. Churchman, The Design of Inquiring Systems, Basic Books, New York, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  39. G. Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Ballantine Books, New York, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  40. M. Kosok, “The Formalization of Hegel’s Dialectical Logic,” Int. Philosophical Quarterly, 6, No. 4, pp. 596–631, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  41. R. Hill, “Modern Systems Theory and the Family: A confrontation,” Soc. Sci. Inform., 10, No. 5, pp. 7–26, 1971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. T. Parsons, “The American family: Its relation to personality and the social structure,” In: T. Parsons and R. Bales, Family, Socialization, and Interaction, Glencoe, 111., pp. 3–33, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  43. F. Vortes, A. Przeworski and J. Sprague, Systems analysis for social scientists, John Wiley, New York, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  44. N. Luhmann, Politische Planung, Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen, 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  45. J. Habermas and N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft order Sozial-technologie, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt A. M., 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  46. R. Conant and W. R. Ashby, “Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system,” Int. Journal of Systems Science, 1, No. 2, pp. 89–97, 1970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. M. Minsky, “Introduction,” In: Semantic Information Processing, edited by M. Minsky, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 1–32, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  48. R. Conant and W. R. Ashby, “Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system,” Int. Journal of Systems Science, 1, No. 2, pp. 89–97, 1970. Cf. W. R. Ashby, Design for a Brain, Chapman & Hall, London, 1960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. B. Berelson, P. F. Lazarsfeld and W. N. McPhee, Voting, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  50. E. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, The Free Press of Glencoe, New York, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  51. B. Berelson and G. A. Steiner, Human Behavior, Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  52. J. H. Monane, A sociology of human systems, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  53. A. Kuhn, The Logic of Social Systems, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  54. J. G. Miller, “Living Systems,” Behavioral Science, 10, pp. 193–237, 1965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. J. G. Miller, “Living Systems,” Behavioral Science, 10, , 1965ibid., pp. 337–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. op.cit. Quarterly Review of Biology, 48, 1, pp. 92–276, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  57. op.cit. Behavioral Science, 16, pp. 302–398, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  58. op.cit. Behavioral Science, 17, pp. 1–182, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  59. op.cit. Behavioral Science, 20, pp. 366–535, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  60. op.cit. Behavioral Science, 21, pp. 320–468, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  61. J. Galtung, Theory and Methods of Social Research, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  62. J. Miller, op.cit., 59, has made a recent survey of World Simulation Models.

    Google Scholar 

  63. J. W. Forrester, World Dynamics, Wright-Allen Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  64. D. L. Meadows et al., Dynamics of growth in a finite world. Wright-Allen Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  65. M. D. Mesarović and E. C. Pestel, “A Goal-seeking and regionalized model for analysis of critical world relationships—the conceptual foundation.” Kybernetes, 1, pp. 79–85, 1972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. H. H. Bossel and B. B. Hughes, “Simulation of value-controlled decision-making: Approach and prototype,” In: Multilevel Computer Model of World Development System. Edited by M. Mesarovic & E. Pestel, IIASA, Laxenburg, Vienna, 1974, Vol. VI. See also: B. B. Hughes, “Survey of the Mesarović-Pestel World Model project,” and H. Bossel, “Information processing, Cognitive dissonance, and basic needs: The Modelling of behavior,” In: Op.cit., ref. 37, pp. 327–360; pp. 423–472.

    Google Scholar 

  67. M. D. Mesarovic, D. Macko, and Y. Takahara, Theory of Hierarchical Multilevel Systems, Academic Press, New York, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  68. G. J. Klir, An Approach to General Systems Theory, van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  69. R. A. Orchard, “On an Approach to General Systems Theory,” In: Op.cit., ref. 25, pp. 205–250.

    Google Scholar 

  70. G. J. Klir and H. J. Uyttenhove, “Computerized Methodology for Structure Modelling,” Annals of Systems Research, 5, pp. 29–66, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. B. P. Zeigler, “Simulation based structural complexity of Models,” Int. Journal of General Systems, 2, No. 4, pp. 217–224, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. B. P. Zeigler, Theory of Modelling and Simulation, John Wiley, New York, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  73. J. McLeod, “Behavioral Science, System theory—and simulation,” Behavioral Science, 19, pp. 57–69, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. R. P. Abelson, “Simulation of social behavior,” In: The Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by G. Lindzey and E. Aronson, (Vol. II), Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., pp. 281–308, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  75. J. T. Gullahorn and J. E. Gullahorn, “Social and cultural system simulation.” In: Simulation in social and administrative science, edited by H. Guetzkow, P. Kotier and R. L. Schultz, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, pp. 427–448, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  76. S. Braten and U. Norlén, “Simulation Model Analysis and Reduction,” In: Simulation versue Analytical Solutions for Business and Economic Models, Proceedings, Edited by W. Goldberg, BAS 17, Gothenburg University, Vol. I, pp. 207–228, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  77. G. M. Weinberg, An Introduction to General Systems Thinking, John Wiley, New York, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  78. A. Rapoport, “The Search for Simplicity,” In: The Relevance of General Systems Theory, Edited by E. Laszlo, George Braziller, New York, pp. 13–30, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  79. R. P. Abelson and A. Bernstein, “A Computer Simulation Model of Community Referendum Controversies,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 27, pp. 93–122, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. T. Hägerstrand, Innovationsfö’rloppet ur korologisk synpunkt. C. W. K. Gleerup, Lund, 1953, (Engl. Trans. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1967.)

    Google Scholar 

  81. F. Wenstøp, “Application of linguistic variables in the analysis of organizations,” Working papers in Management Science, The Center for Research in Management Science, University of California, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  82. E. Holbaek-Hansεn, P. Handlykken and K. Nygaard, System Description and the Delta Language, Norw. Computing Center, Oslo, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  83. L. A. Zadeh, “A Fuzzy-Algorithmic Approach to the Definition of Complex of Imprecise Concepts,” In: op.cit., Ref. 37, pp. 202–282.

    Google Scholar 

  84. A. Naess, The Pluralist and Possibilist Aspect of the Scientific Enterprise, Allen & Unwin/Univ. forlaget, London/ Oslo, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  85. I. de S. Pool, R. P. Abelson and S. Popkin, Candidates, Issues and Strategies, Cambridge, Mass., 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  86. I. de S. Pool and A. Kessler, “The Kaiser, the Tsar and the Computer: Information Processing in a Crisis,” American Behavioral Scientist, 8, May 1965, pp. 31–38.

    Google Scholar 

  87. S. Brâten, “A simulation study of personal and mass communication,” TAG Journal, IFIP administrative data processing group, 1968, 2, pp. 3–27. (Reprinted in Models and Simulation, edited by H. Stockhaus, Scand, Univ. Press, Gothenburg, pp. 117–137, 1970.)

    Google Scholar 

  88. S. Brâten, “En konsistens- og kommunikasjonsmodell — som tillater simulering av EF-striden”, Tiksskr. for Samfunnsforskning, 17, No. 2, pp. 158–197, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  89. T. Baumgartner, T. R. Burns and P. Deville, “Work, Politics, and the Structuring of Social Systems,” Conf. on “Possibilities for the Liberation of Work and Political Power,” Dubrovnik, Youguslavia, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  90. P. G. Herbst, Behavioral Worlds, London, Tavistock, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  91. G. J. Klir, “Identification of generative structures in empirical data,” Int. Journal of General Systems, 3, No. 2, pp. 89–104, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. F. E. Emery and E. L. Trist, “Socio-technical systems,” In: Systems Thinking, edited by F. E. Emery, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  93. E. Thorsrud, “Democratization of Work as a Process of Change towards Non-Bureaucratic Types of Organization,” In: European Contributions to Organization Theory, Edited by G. Hofstede and M. S. Kassem, Van Gorrum, Assen, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  94. P. G. Herbst, Alternative to hierarchies, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 1976.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  95. R. R. Grinker, Sr., “In Memory of Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s Contribution to Psychiatry,” Behavioral Science, 21, No. 4, July 1976, pp. 207–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. G. Bateson, Naven, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1958 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  97. G. Pask, “The meaning of Cybernetics in the Behavioral Sciences,” Progress of Cybernetics, edited by J. Rose, Gordon and Breach, New York, Vol. 1, pp. 15–44, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  98. L. Løfgren, “Relative Explanations of Systems,” In: Op.cit., Ref. 25, pp. 340–406.

    Google Scholar 

  99. F. I. Georgiev et al., On the Design of Conscious Automata AD 644204, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  100. E. Brunswik, The Psychology of Egon Brunswik, edited by K. R. Hammond, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  101. G. Pask, “Interaction between individuals: Its stability and Style,” Math. Bio-science, 11, pp. 59–84, 1971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. G. Pask, Conversation, Cognition and Learning, Elsevier, Oxford, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  103. G. Pask, Conversation Theory, Elsevier, Oxford, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Cf. the introductory survey lecture by Brain Gaines on General Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  105. S. Braten, “Notes for a seminar with Ph. C. Herbst on Foundations for Psychosocial Logic,” In: S. Braten, The Human Dyad: Systems and Simulation, Working paper, Oslo, pp. 132–139, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  106. R. Thorn, “La Theorie des catastrophes: etat présent et perspectives,” In Dynamical systems, edited by A. Dold & B. Eckmann, Warwick, pp. 366–372, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  107. E. C. Zeeman, “Levels of Structure in Catastrophe Theory Illustrated by Applications in the Social and Biological Sciences,” Proceedings of the Intern. Congress of Mathematicians, 1974, Vol. 2, Vancouver, pp. 533–548, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  108. C. Musés, “Cybernetics and the challenge of the catastrophe theory,” Kybernetes, 5, No. 1, p. 1, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  109. E. Taschdjian, “Time Horizon: The Moving Boundary,” Behavioral Science, 22, No. 1, January 1977, pp. 41–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. H. von Foerster, “From stimulus to symbol: The Economy of Biological Computation,” In: Sign, Image, Symbol, edited by C. Kepes, George Braziller, Inc., New York, pp. 42–61, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  111. B. L. Alperson, “In search of Buber’s ghost: A calculus for interpersonal phenomenology,” Behavioral Science, 20, pp. 179–190, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. M. Buber, I and Thou, T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1958 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  113. A.N. Whitehead, Process and Reality, Harper & Row, New York, 1957 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  114. J. H. Milsum (ed.), Positive Feedback, Pergamon Press, London, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  115. M. Maruyama, “The Second Cybernetics: deviation-amplifying mutual causal processes,” American Scientist, 55, pp. 164–179, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  116. H. Alker, Jr., W. Buckley, and T. R. Burns, “Introduction and Overview,” In: Power and Control, edited by T. R. Burns and W. Buckley, Sage, London, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  117. H. H. Pattee, “The Role of Instabilities in the Evolution of Control Hierarchies,” In: Op.cit., Ref. 115, pp. 171–184.

    Google Scholar 

  118. F. W. Matson and A. Montagu, “Introduction: The Unfinished Revolution,” In The Human Dialogue, edited by F. W. Matson and A. Montagu, The Free Press, New York, pp. 1–11, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  119. M. Valach, “Ego-formation in the self-sustained system,” Vlllth Int. Congress on Cybernetics, Namur, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  120. M. Nowakowska, “Toward a formal theory of dialogue,” Semiotica, 18, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  121. J. Habermas, Technik und Wissenschaft als ‘Ideologie’, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am M., 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  122. G. Klaus, Kybernetik und Erkenntnishtheorie, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  123. G. Vickers, “What Controls the Controller?” In: G. Vickers, Toward a Sociology of Management, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 91–98, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  124. H. H. Pattee, “Unsolved Problems and Potential Applications of Hierarchy Theory,” In: Hierarchy Theory, edited by H. H. Pattee, George Braziller, New York, pp. 131–156, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  125. T. Parsons and E. Shils (eds.), Towards a General Theory of Action, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  126. S. Bråten, “On the Need and Possible Structure of a Communication Research Information System in Scandinavia,” Acta Sociologica, 13, No. 3, pp. 149–160, 1970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. G. J. Klir and M. Valach, Cybernetic Modelling, Prague/ London, Illife, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  128. S. Bråten, “Simulering av moralsk dilemmabehandling under diadisk samhandling,” Univ. of Bergen (mimeo) 1972 (Trans. Computer simulation of dilemma-processing dyads, Working Paper No. 73, Univ. of Oslo, 1977). For a summary, see S. Bråten, “Computer simulation of consistency and communication,” Vlllth Int. Conference on Cybernetics, Namur, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  129. K. Boulding, “General Systems Theory — The Skeleton of Science,” Management Science, 2, pp. 197–208, 1956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. M. M. Drake, “After Systems Theory,” Abstract for paper at Third Europ. Meeting on Cyb. and Systems Research, Vienna, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  131. M. Mulder, “Maktutjevning gjennom medbestemmelse,” In: Demokratiseringsprosessen i arbeidslivet, edited by P. G. Herbst, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp. 51–64, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  132. S. Brâten, “Model Monology and Communication: Systems Theoretical notes on Democratization,” Acta Sociologica, 16, No. 2, pp. 98–107, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. K. Boulding, “Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung,” Journal of Peace Research, XIV, No. 1, pp. 75–86, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. K. Nygaard and T. Bergo, Planlegging, Styring og databehandling. Tiden, Oslo, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  135. S. Beer, “On heaping our science together,” In: Progress in Cybernetics and Systems Research, edited by R. Trappl and F. de Hanika, John Wiley, New York, Vol. II, pp. 3–11, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  136. H. von Foerster, “From stimulus to symbol: The Economy of Biological Computation,” In: Sign, Image, Symbol, edited by C. Kepes, George Braziller, Inc., New York, pp. 42–61, 1966Op.cit., Ref. 110.

    Google Scholar 

  137. A. Koestler, The Ghost in the Machine, Macmillan, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Lewis Carroll, The Works of Lewis Carroll, edited by R. L. Green, Paul Hamlyn, London, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  139. J. Sutherland, A General Systems Philosophy for the Social and Behavioral Sciences, George Braziller, New York, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  140. A. Locker and N. A. Coulter, “Recent Progress towards a theory of teleogenic systems,” Kybernetes, 5, No. 2, pp. 67–72, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  141. L. von Bertalanffy, “The Tree of Knowledge,” In: Op.cit., Ref. 109, pp. 274–278.

    Google Scholar 

  142. K. E. Boulding, “Economics and General Systems,” Int. Journal of General Systems, 1, No. 1, pp. 67–73, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. R. Frisch, Economic Planning Studies, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  144. G. J. Klir, “On the relation between Cybernetics and General Systems Theory,” In: Progress of Cybernetics, edited by J. Rose, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1, pp. 115–165, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  145. G. A. Miller, E. Galanter and K. H. Pribram, Plans and the Structure of Behavior, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960. Their TOTE-principle has been extended into a co-actor or dialogical oriented TOT(SOS)E scheme by S. Braten, “Coding simulation circuits during symbolic interaction,” VIIIth Int. Congress on Cybernetics 1973. Proceedings, Namur, 1974, pp. 327–336. See also S. Bråten, Tegnebehandling og Meningsutveksling, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1973.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  146. F. Barth, Models of Social Organization, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Sociology, University of Oslo, Oslo 3, Norway

    Stein Braten

Authors
  1. Stein Braten
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, USA

    George J. Klir

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Braten, S. (1978). Systems Research and Social Sciences. In: Klir, G.J. (eds) Applied General Systems Research. NATO Conference Series, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0555-3_50

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0555-3_50

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0557-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0555-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation