Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Preparation and Reactions of Atomic Carbon

  • Chapter
Reactive Intermediates

Abstract

Atomic carbon is one of the most fascinating intermediates encountered in chemistry. There are very few intermediates that possess more energy than a carbon atom. The 3P ground state has a heat of formation of 171 kcal/mol, while two low-lying metastable singlets, C1D) and C(1S), have ΔH f of 201 and 233 kcal/mol, respectively.1 As a consequence of this high energy, carbon atoms are difficult to generate and the design of systems for their production has challenged the ingenuity of many chemists. The rewards for investigators in this area are great, however; the high chemical potential of atomic carbon causes it to undergo a wide variety of interesting and unusual reactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. G. Herzberg, Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure, Dover Publications, New York (1944), p. 142.

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. P. Wolf, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 2, 201 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  3. R. Wolfgang, Prog. React. Kinet. 3, 97 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  4. R. F. Peterson and R. Wolfgang, Adv. High Temp. Chem. 4, 43 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  5. C. MacKay, in Carbenes, Vol. fl (R. A. Moss and M. Jones, Jr., eds.), Wiley-Inter- science, New York (1975), pp. 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  6. P. S. Skell, J. S. Havel, and M. J. McGlinchey, Acc. Chem. Res. 6, 97 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  7. A. P. Wolf and R. C. Anderson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 1608 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  8. B. Suryanarayana and A. P. Wolf, J. Phys. Chem. 62, 1369 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  9. J. Dubrin, C. MacKay, M. L. Pandow, and R. Wolfgang, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 25, 2113 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  10. H. J. Ache and A. P. Wolf, Radiochim. Acta 6, 33 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  11. G. Stocklin, H. Stangl, D. R. Christman, J. B. Cumming, and A. P. Wolf, Phys. Chem. 67, 1735 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  12. A. P. Wolf and C. S. Redvanly, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 28, 29 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  13. R. F. Harris, Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (1968) (cited in reference 6).

    Google Scholar 

  14. P. S. Skell and R. F. Harris, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 5933 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  15. P. S. Skell and P. W. Owen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 1578 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  16. J. F. Villaume and P. S. Skell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 3455 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  17. J. Drowart, R. P. Burno, G. De Mario, and M. G. Inghram, J. Chem. Phys. 31, 1131 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  18. P. S. Skell, J. Havel, J. Plonka, J. Villaume, and K. Klabunde, unpublished results (cited in reference 15).

    Google Scholar 

  19. W. A. Chupka and M. G. Inghram, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1313 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. F. Verdieck and A. W. H. Mau, Chem. Commun., 226 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  21. D. Blaxell, R. Peterson, D. J. Malcolme Lowes, and R. Wolfgang, Chem. Commun., 110 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  22. R. T. Meyer, A. W. Lynch, and J. M. Freese, J. Phys. Chem. 77, 1083 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  23. D. G. Williamson and K. D. Bayes, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 1957 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  24. B. D. Kybett, G. K. Johnson, C. K. Barker, and J. L. Margrave, J. Phys. Chem. 69, 3603 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  25. W. Braun, A. W. Bass, D. D. Davis, and J. D. Simmons, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 312, 417 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  26. D. Husain and L. J. Kirsch, Trans. Faraday Soc. 67, 2025 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  27. D. Husain and L. J. Kirsch, Chem. Phys. Lett. 8, 543 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  28. D. Husain and L. J. Kirsch, Trans. Faraday Soc. 67, 2886 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  29. D. Husain and L. J. Kirsch, Trans. Faraday Soc. 67, 3166 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  30. D. Husain and L. J. Kirsch, Chem. Phys. Lett. 9, 412 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  31. D. Husain and L. J. Kirsch, J. Photochem. 2, 297 (1973–1974).

    Google Scholar 

  32. D. Husain and A. N. Young, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II 71, 525 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  33. L. J. Stief and V. J. DeCarlo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 839 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  34. E. Tschukow-Roux and S. Kodama, J. Chem. Phys. 50, 5297 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  35. E. Tschukow-Roux, Y. Inel, S. Kodama, and A. W. Kirk, J. Chem. Phys. 56, 3238 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  36. R. E. Rebbert and P. Ausloos, J. Photochem. 1, 171 (1972–1973).

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. W. Buschmann and W. Groth, Z. Naturforsch. Teil A 22, 954 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  38. W. Groth, W. Pessara, and H. J. Rommel, Z. Phys. Chem. 32, 192 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  39. D. E. Milligan and M. E. Jacox, J. Chem. Phys. 44, 2850 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  40. N. G. Moll and W. E. Thompson, J. Chem. Phys. 44, 2684 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  41. W. Weltner, Jr., P. N. Walsh, and C. L. Angell, J. Chem. Phys. 40, 1299 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  42. P. B. Shevlin and A. P. Wolf, Tetrahedron Lett., 3987 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  43. R. L. Williams and A. F. Voigt, J. Phys. Chem. 73, 2538 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  44. P. B. Shevlin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 1379 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  45. D. Kley, N. Washida, K. H. Becker, and W. Groth, Chem. Phys. Lett. 15, 45 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  46. D. Kley, N. Washido, K. H. Becker, and W. Groth, Z. Phys. Chem. 82, 109 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  47. F. F. Martinotti, M. J. Welch, and A. P. Wolf, Chem. Commun., 115 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  48. E. Y. Y. Lam, P. Gaspar, and A. P. Wolf, J. Phys. Chem. 75, 445 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  49. C. W. Spangler, S. K. Lott, and M. J. Joncich, Chem. Commun., 842 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  50. A. R. Fairbairn, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 9, 943 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  51. G. M. Meadburn and D. Perner, Nature (London) 212, 1042 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  52. R. M. Lemmon, Acc. Chem. Res. 6, 65 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  53. H. M. Pohlit, Lin Tz-Hong, W. Erwin, and R. M. Lemmon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 5421 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  54. H. M. Pohlit, Tz-Hong Lin, and R. M. Lemmon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 5425 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  55. R. J. Donovan and D. Husain, Chem. Rev. 70, 489 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  56. R. J. Blint and M. D. Newton, Chem. Phys. Lett. 32, 178 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  57. C. MacKay, J. Nicholas, and R. Wolfgang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 5758 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  58. T. L. Rose, J. Phys. Chem. 76, 1389 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  59. K. K. Taylor, H. J. Ache, and A. P. Wolf, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 5970 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  60. G. L. Jewett and A. F. Voigt, J. Phys. Chem. 75, 3201 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  61. T. Rose and C. MacKay, J. Phys. Chem. 77, 2598 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  62. J. M. Figuera, J. M. Perez, and A. P. Wolf, Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 71, 1905 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  63. T. Migita, C. A. Redvanly, and A. P. Wolf, 155th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, San Francisco, California, March 1968, Abstract No. P226.

    Google Scholar 

  64. P. S. Skell and R. R. Engel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 4883 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  65. G. Stocklin and A. P. Wolf, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 229 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  66. P. B. Shevlin and S. Kammula, Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 2627 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  67. R. C. Dobson, D. M. Hayes, and R. Hoffmann, Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 6188 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  68. N. Bodor, M. J. S. Dewar, and J. S. Wasson, Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 9095 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  69. A. P. Wolf and G. Stocklin, 164th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Denver, Colorado, January 1964, Abstract No. 060.

    Google Scholar 

  70. J. Dubrin, C. MacKay, and R. Wolfgang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 959 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  71. W. Braun, J. R. McNesby, and A. M. Bass, Chem. Phys. 46, 2071 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  72. M. J. Welch and A. P. Wolf, Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 6584 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  73. R. M. Lambrecht, N. Furukawa, and A. P. Wolf, J. Phys. Chem. 74, 4605 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  74. K. K. Taylor, H. J. Ache, and A. P. Wolf, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 7176 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  75. P. B. Shevlin and A. P. Wolf, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 4735 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  76. C. MacKay and R. Wolfgang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83, 2399 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  77. S. Kammula and P. B. Shevlin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 4441 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  78. A. Guarino and A. P. Wolf, Tetrahedron Lett. 655 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  79. R. R. Gallucci and M. Jones, Jr., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 7704 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  80. P. S. Skell, J. H. Plonka, and L. S. Wood, Chem. Commun., 710 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  81. W. von E. Doering and P. M. La Flamme, Tetrahedron 2, 75 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  82. L. Skattebøl, Tetrahedron Lett. 167 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  83. C. MacKay, P. Polak, H. E. Rosenberg, and R. Wolfgang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84, 308 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  84. M. Marshall, C. MacKay, and R. Wolfgang, Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 4741 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  85. P. S. Skell, J. E. Villaume, J. H. Plonka, and F. A. Fagone, Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 2699 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  86. M. J. McGlinchey, T. Reynoldson, and F. G. A. Stone, Chem. Commun., 1264 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  87. M. J. S. Dewar, E. Haselbach, and M. Shanshal, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 3505 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  88. C. Wentrup, Fortschr. Chem. Forsch. 62, 173 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  89. W. M. Jones and U. H. Brinker, in Pericyclic Reactions, Vol. I (A. P. Marchand and R. E. Lehr, eds.), Academic Press, New York (1977), pp. 110–191.

    Google Scholar 

  90. J. Lintermans, W. Erwin, and R. M. Lemmon, J. Phys. Chem. 76, 2521 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  91. T. Rose, C. MacKay, and R. Wolfgang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 1529 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  92. C. D. Gutsche, G. L. Bachman, and R. S. Coffey, Tetrahedron 18, 617 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  93. W. D. Crow and M. N. Paddon-Row, Aust. J. Chem. 26, 1705 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  94. H. Hedaya and M. E. Kent J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 3283 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  95. R. Visser, C. R. Redvanly, F. L. J. Sixma, and A. P. Wolf, Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 80, 533 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  96. J. H. Plonka and P. S. Skell, Chem. Commun., 1108 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  97. J. K. Agopian, D. W. Brown, and M. Jones, Jr., Tetrahedron Lett., 2931 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  98. P. S. Skell and R. F. Harris, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 4440 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  99. J. A. Kerr, B. V. O’Grady, and A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, Chem. Soc. A, 897 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  100. G. F. Palino and A. F. Voigt, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 242 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  101. R. L. Williams and A. F. Voigt, J. Phys. Chem. 75, 2253 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  102. C. MacKay and R. Wolfgang, Radiochim. Acta 1, 42 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  103. P. S. Skell, J. H. Plonka, and R. R. Engel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 1748 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  104. R. H. Parker and P. B. Shevlin, Tetrahedron Lett., 2167 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  105. J. M. Figuera, P. B. Shevlin, and S. D. Worley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 3820 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  106. P. S. Skell, J. H. Plonka, and K. J. Klabunde, Chem. Commun., 1109 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  107. P. S. Skell, K. J. Klabunde, J. H. Plonka, J. S. Roberts, and D. L. Williams-Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 1547 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  108. S. W. Benson, Chem. Phys. 34, 521 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  109. T. R. Forbus, P. A. Birdsong, and P. B. Shevlin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 6425 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  110. S. Dyer and D. B. Shevlin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 1303 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  111. R. V. Hoffman and H. Schechter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 5940 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  112. A. F. Voigt, J. F. Plaino, and R. L. Williams, J. Phys. Chem. 75, 2248 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  113. P. S. Skell and J. H. Plonka, Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 836 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  114. P. S. Skell and J. H. Plonka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 2160 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  115. J. H. Plonka and P. S. Skell, Tetrahedron Lett., 4557 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  116. P. S. Skell and J. H. Plonka, Tetrahedron 28, 3571 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  117. L. Freidman and H. Schecter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82, 1002 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  118. S. F. Dyer, S. Kammula, and P. B. Shevlin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 8104 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  119. P. S. Skell and R. F. Harris, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87, 5807 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  120. L. Eng., Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (1970) (cited in reference 6).

    Google Scholar 

  121. H. J. Ache and A. P. Wolf, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 888 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  122. D. Blaxell, C. MacKay, and R. Wolfgang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 50 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  123. R. D. Finn, H. J. Ache, and A. P. Wolf, J. Phys. Chem. 74, 3194 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  124. M. E. Jacox, D. E. Milligan, N. G. Moll, and W. E. Thompson, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 3734 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  125. S. Kammula and P. B. Shevlin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 4441 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  126. D. E. Milligan and M. E. Jacox, J. Chem. Phys. 41, 5157 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  127. F. Cacace and A. P. Wolf, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84, 3202 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  128. D. E. Milligan and M. E. Jacox, J. Chem. Phys. 48, 2265 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  129. M. E. Jacox and D. E. Milligan, J. Chem. Phys. 47, 703 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  130. M. E. Jacox and D. E. Milligan, Chem. Phys. 50, 3252 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  131. M. E. Jacox and D. E. Milligan, Chem. Phys. 47, 1626 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  132. L. A. Shimp and R. J. Lagow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 1343 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  133. J. E. Dobson, P. M. Tucker, R. Schaeffer, and F. G. A. Stone, J. Chem. Soc. A, 1882 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  134. M. J. McGlinchey, J. D. Odom, T. Reynoldson, and F. G. A. Stone, J. Chem. Soc. A, 31 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  135. S. R. Prince and R. Schaeffer, Chem. Commun., 451 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  136. J. Binenboym and R. Schaeffer, Inorg. Chem. 9, 1578 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  137. J. F. Lifton and M. J. Welch, Radiat. Res. 45, 35 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

    Philip B. Shevlin

Authors
  1. Philip B. Shevlin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA

    R. A. Abramovitch

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shevlin, P.B. (1980). The Preparation and Reactions of Atomic Carbon. In: Abramovitch, R.A. (eds) Reactive Intermediates. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2973-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2973-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-2975-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2973-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation