Abstract
From the marvellous experimental discoveries 1) and theoretical breakthroughs 2) of the last few years has emerged a relatively coherent picture of the world of elementary particles. The “popular mythology” to which most physicists would adhere today can be summarized as follows.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References and Footnotes
For a review see the lectures by J. Ellis, L. Lederman, C. Llewellyn-Smith, J. Steinberger and B. Wiik, these Proceedings and references quoted therein.
C.N. Yang and R.J. Hills, Phys. Rev. 96, 191 (1954). G. ’t Hooft, Nuclear Phys. B35, 167 (1971 S.L. Glashow, J. Iliopoulos and L. Maiani, Phys. Rev. D2, 1285 (1970).
We assume that the heavy lepton T- is accompanied by its own neutrino. For a discussion of this point see the lectures by J. Ellis and B. Wiik in these Proceedings. The discovery of the T- is due to M. Perl et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 35, 1489 (1975)
We assume of course that the new quark which builds up the Y(9.6) appears in three colours. For the discovery of the Y(9.6) see the lectures by L. Lederman in these Proceedings.
H. Fritzsch, M. Gell-Mann, and H. Leutwyler, Phys. Lett. B47, 365 (1973). D. J. Gross and F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. D8, 3497 (1973). S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Letters 31, 494 (1973).
For a review of the problem and possible solutions see, e.G., F. Englert, lectures in these Proceedings; D. Gross, lectures in these Proceedings.
S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Letters 19 1264 (1967). A. Salam, Proc. 8th Nobel Symposium, Stockholm 1966 (ed. N. Svartholm).
R. Brout and F. Englert, Phys. Rev. Letters 13, 321 (1964). P.W. Higgs, Phys. Rev. Letters 12, 132 (1964). G.S. Guralnik, C.R. Hagen and T.W.B. Kibble, Phys. Rev. Letters 13, 585 (1964)
I ignore the so called “dynamical” symmetry breaking mechanism where the elementary scalar particle of reference 8) is replaced by a bound state. To the best of my knowledge no coherent formulation of this appealing idea exists as yet.
J. Wess and B. Zumino, Nucl. Phys. B70, 39 (1974); B78, 1 (1974); Phys. Letters 49B, 52 (1974).
For a recent review, see e.G. P. Fayet et S. Ferrara, Phys. Reports 32C, 249 (1977).
The problem of incorporating a U(n) internal symmetry may have been solved by M. Kaku, P.K. Townsend and P. Van Nieuwenhuizen Phys. Rev. Letters 39, 1109 (1977).
The only theoretical relation between leptons and quarks, at present, is through the so-calles “anomaly” of S.L. Adler, Phys. Rev. 177, 2426 (1969). J.S. Bell and R. Jackiw, Nuovo Cimento 51A, 47 (1969).
For recent reviews see e.G. H. Fritzsch Lectures given at the International Summer Institute for Theoretical Physics, Bielefeld, Germany (1976), to be published. M.S. Chanowitz, J. Ellis and M.K. Gaillard, CERN preprint TH 2312 (1977) and references quoted therein.
See e.G. K. Igi FNAL preprint (1977).
J.Goldstone, Nuovo Cimento 19 15 (1961).
S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D7, 2887 (1973).
For an extremely lucid discussion see R.J. Crewther, CERN preprint TH 2350 (1977).
G. Zweig, unpublished. J. Iizuka, Supplement to Progress of Theoret. Phys. 37–38, 21 (1966). S. Okubo, Phys. Lett. 4, 14 (1963).
See e. g. the lectures by J. Ellis, these Proceedings where references can be found.
See e. g. B.W. Lee in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies, W.T. Kirk Editor, Stanford (1975), and references quoted therein.
P. Baird et al., Nature 264, 528 (1976). P. Sandars, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies, Hamburg 1977. See also V. Telegdi, lectures in these Proceedings.
B.C. Barish et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 38, 577 (1977). A. Benvenuti et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 38, 1110 (1977). See also J. Steinberger, lectures in these Proceedings.
G. Zweig, CERN preprints TH 401 and 412 (1964) unpublished. M. Gell-Mann, Phys. Letters 8, 214 (1964). R.H. Dalitz, Les Houches Lectures (1965) ( Gordon and Breach, N.Y. 1965 ).
For a review see e. g. J.L. Rosner, Physics Reports 11C (1974) and references quoted therein.
O.W. Greenberg, Phys. Rev. Letters 13, 598 (1964). M.Y. Han and Y. Nambu, Phys. Rev. 139 B 1006 (1963). M. Gell-Mann, Quarks CERN preprint TH 1543 (1972).
H.J. Melosh, Phys. Rev. D9 1095 (1974). See also reference 25).
See e. g. the lectures by C. Llewellyn Smith, these Proceedings.
J.J. Aubert et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 33, 1404 (1974). J.E. Augustin et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 33, 1406 (1977).
See e. g. the lectures by B. Wiik, these Proceedings.
H. Harari, Phys. Letters 60B, 172 (1976).
E. Eichten et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 34, 369 (1975) T. Applequist et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 34, 365 (1975).
See e. g. J.L. Rosner, Physics Reports 11C (1974). A.J.G. Hey and D. Morgan, Rutherford Report RL-77-060/A (1977). K. Lanius in Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Conference on High Energy Physics Tbilisi (1976).
G.F. Chew, LBL-5391 report (1976).
D. Horn and J.E. Mandula, Caltech preprint (1977). M. Bander, G.L. Shaw, P. Thomas and S. Meshkov, Phys. Rev. Letters 36, 695 (1976).
See e. g. J.L. Rosner, Physics Reports 11C (1974).
R.H. Dalitz, Oxford Conference on Baryon Resonances (1976). D. Faiman, J. Rosner and J. Weyers, Nuclear Phys. B57, 45 (1973).
R.H. Dalitz, Les Houches Lectures (1965) (Gordon and Breach, N.Y. 1965). H. Jones, R.H. Dalitz and R.R. Horgan, Nuclear Phys. B129, 45 (1977).
M.K. Gaillard, B.W. Lee and J.L. Rosner, Rev. of Mod. Phys. 47, 277 (1975).
E.G. Gazzoli et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 34, 1125 (1975). See also the lectures by J. Ellis for further references.
See e. g. A.J.G. Hey and D. Morgan reference 33).
W.A. Bardeen, H. Fritzsch and M. Gell-Mann in “Scale and Donformal Symmetry in Hadron Physics”, J. Wiley and Sons, New York (1973).
It is worth pointing out that we have no information concerning the spin structure of the neutral stuff !
A. Chodos, R.L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, C.B. Thorn, V.F. Weisskopf Phys. Rev. D9, 3471 (1974). A. Chodos, R.L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, C.B. Thorn, Phys. Rev. D10, 2599 (1974). A. Chodos, R.L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, J.Kiskis, Phys. Rev. D12, 2060 11975). P. Gnädig, P. Hasenfratz, J. Kuti, A.S. Szalay, Phys. Lett. Letters 64B, 62 (1976).
G. Preparata and N. Craigie, Nuclear Physics B102, 466 (1976). N. Craigie and G. Preparata, Nucl. Phys. B102, 497 (1976).
P.G.O. Freund and Y. Nambu, Phys. Rev. Letters 34, 1645 (1975). R.L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, Phys. Letters 60B, 201 (1976).
For a derivation of this formula, based on duality see e. g. M. Ademollo, G. Veneziano, S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Letters 22, 83 (1969). R. Brout, F. Englert and C. Truffin, Phys. Letters 29B, 590, 686 (1969).
See e. g. V. Barger in Proceedings of the XVIIth International Conference on High Energy Physics, London (1974).
H. Lipkin and S. Meshkov, Phys. Rev. Letters 14, 670 (1965).
See e. g. U. Karshon et al. Weizmann Institute report WIS 73/ 44 (1974).
See e. g. F. Gilman, M. Kugler and S. Meshkov, Phys. Rev. D9 715 (1974). A.J.G. Hey, J.L. Rosner and J. Weyers, Nucl. Phys. 44B, 263 (1973). and references quoted by J.L. Rosner 25).
A. Love and D.V. Nanopoulos, Phys. Lett. 45B 507 (1973), F. J. Gilman and I. Karliner, Phys. Rev. D10, 2194 (1974), A.J.G. Hey and J. Weyers, Phys. Letters 40B, 69 (1974).
H.J. Lipkin, Phys. Reports 8C (1973) pointed out that these parametrizations correspond to the most general single quark transition operator with appropriate quantum numbers.
See e. g. D. Faiman, J.L. Rosner, Phys. Letters 45B, 357 (1973).
D. Faiman and D.E. Plane, Nuclear Phys. B50, 379 (1972)
A.J.G. Hey, P.J. Litchfield and R.J. Cashmore, Nucl. Phys. B95, 516 (1975) and Nucl. Phys. B98, 237 (1975).
G. Feldman, SLAC PUB (1977).
H. Harari in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lepton and Photon Interaction at High Energies, W.T. Kirk Editor, Stanford (1975).
R.P. Feynman and M. Gell-Mann, Phys. Rev. 109, 193 (1958).
M. Gell-Mann, Phys. Rev. 125, 1067 (1962).
M. Gell-mann and M. Levy, Nuovo Cimento 16,705 (1960). Y. Nambu, Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 380 (1960).
S.L. Adler, Phys. Rev. Letters 14, 1051 (1965). W.I. Weisberger, Phys. Rev. Letters 14, 1047 (1965).
S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D11, 3583 (1975).
G.’t Hooft, Phys. Rev. D14, 3432 (1976). See, however, reference 18).
M. Gell-Mann, R. Oakes and B. Renner, Phys. Rev. 175, 2195 (1968). R. Carlitz, D. Heckathorn, J. Kaur and W.K. Tung, Phys. Rev. D11, 1234 (1975).
N. Fuchs, Purdue University Preprint (1976).
See e. g. D.C. Moir, R.J. Jacob and G.E. Hite, Nucl. Phys. B 103, 477 (1976). P. Gensini, SLAC PUB, 1944–1945–1967 (1977).
J.F. Gunion, P.C. Mc Namee and M.D. Scadron, SLAC-PUB 1847 (1976).
J. Jersak and J. Stern, Nucl. Phys. B7, 413 (1968), K. Bardakei and M.B. Halpern, Phys. Rev. 176, 1686 (1968).
See e. g. H. Leutwyler Springer Tracts in Modern Physics 50, 29 (1969). H. Sazdjian and J. Stern, Nucl. Phys. B94, 163 (1975). J. Kogut and D. Soper, Phys. Rev. D1 2901 (1970).
M. Gell-Mann in Strong and Weak Interactions - Present Problems Academic Press, Inc. New York (1966). K. Bardakei and G. Segré, Phys. Rev. 153 (1967). S. Fubini and G. Furlan, Physics, 1, 299 (1965).
R. Dashen and N. Gell-Mann, Phys. Letters 17, 142 (1965).
See e. g. J.S. Bell, Acta Phys. Austriaca, Suppl. 13 395 (1974). and references quoted therein.
H. Leutwyler, Phys. Letters 48B, 431 (1974).
See e. g. T. Das et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 18, 759 (1967). S.L. Glashow and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Letters 20, 224 (1968).
R. Dashen, Phys. Rev. 183, 1245 (1969). See also P. Langacker and H. Pagels, Phys. Rev. D8, 4620 (1973).
G. Segrè and J. Weyers, Phys. Letters 62B, 91 (1976).
S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Letters: see also Ref. 17).
J. Kuti, Lectures given at the CERN-JINR School of Physics (1977).
P.N. Bogoliukov, Ann. Inst. Poincaré 8, 163 (1967).
C. Rebbi, Phys. Rev. D14, 2362 (1976).
R.L. Jaffe, Oxford Conference on Baryon Resonances (1976). K. Johnson, Scottish Universities, Summer School (1976). and references quoted therein.
By this we mean a resonance with JPC unaccessible to a \(\bar Q\) Q system.
See e. g. J. Kuti, reference 79 and A.J.G. Hey, Phenomenological Aspects of the MIT Bag (Southampton 1977 ).
T. Applequist et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 34, 365 (1975). T.A. De Grand, R.L. Jaffe, K. Johnson and J. Kiskis, Phys. Rev. D12, 2060 (1975).
T.A. De Grand, Ann. Phys. 101, 496 (1976). A.J.G. Hey, B.R. Holstein and D.P. Sidhu (Southampton 1977 ).
J. Pati and A. Salam, Phys. Rev. D8, 1240 (1973). H. Georgi and S.L. Glashow, Phys. Rev. Letters 32, 438 (1974). H. Fritzsch and P. Minkowski, Ann. Phys. 93, 222 (1975). F. Gürsey and P. Sikine, Phys. Letters 60B, 177 (1976) and Phys. Rev. Letters 36, 775 (1976). M. Abud, F. Buccella, H. Ruegg and C.A. Savoy, Phys. Letters 67B, 313 (1977). M. Yoshimura, preprint (1977). K. Inoue et al., preprint (1977).
J. Steinberger, lectures in these Proceedings. For SU(2)L \( \otimes\) SU(2)R see e. g. H. Fritzsch and P. Minkowski, Nucl. Phys. B103, 61 (1976). R.N. Mohapatra and J.C. Pati, Phys. Rev. D11, 566, 2558 (1975). A. de Rujula, H. Georgi and S.L. Glashow, HUTP-77/A029 (1977).
For SU(3) \( \otimes\)U(1) see e. g. G. Segré and J. Weyers, Phys. Letters 63B, 99 (1977). B.W. Lee and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Letters 38, 1237 (1977). P. Langacker and G. Segré, Phys. Rev. Letters 39, 259 (1977), and references quoted therein.
M. Kobayashi and K. Maskawa, Progress of Theoret. Phys. 49, 652 (1973).
See e. g. P. Langacker, Phys. Rev. D15, 2386 (1977).
V. Telegdi, Lectures in these Proceedings.
C. Leroy and J. Pestieau, Louvain Preprint (1977).
See e. g. A. Duncan, P. Schattner, Phys. Rev. D7, 1861 (1973). D.Z. Freedam, W. Kummer, Phys. Rev. D7, 1829 (1973). The reason is of course clear: the mass of the Z° simply plays the role of the cut-off in the Feynman-Speisman calculation. (Phys. Rev. 94, 500 (1954).
S.Y. Pi, Phys. Rev. D7, 3750 (1973). J. Lieberman, Phys. Rev. D9, 1749 (1974).
M. de Crombrugghe, H. Haut, J. Weyers, Phys. Letters 71B, 400 (1977).
S. Weinberg, quoted by H. Fritzsch, next paper. H. Fritzsch, Phys. Letters 70B, 436 (1977). A. de Rujula, H. Georgi, S.L. Glashow HUTP 77/A029 (1977).
The usual procedure to guarantee the proton’s stability is through superheavy bosons. This is probably not a self consistent procedure (see ref. 99). An interesting alternative is to make the proton absolutely stable by a global U(1) symmetry. See P. Langacker, G. Segré and A. Weldon, UPR-0082 T, (1977) and references quoted therein.
Mass ratios of the gauge bosons cannot be made arbitrarily large as shown by E. Gildener, Phys. Rev. D14, 1667 (1976).
e. g. M. Hamermesh, “Group Theory and its Applications to Physical Problems” (Addison-Wesley, 1962 ).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1979 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Weyers, J. (1979). Quarks, Hadron Spectroscopy and Beyond. In: Lévy, M., Basdevant, JL., Speiser, D., Weyers, J., Gastmans, R., Zinn-Justin, J. (eds) Hadron Structure and Lepton-Hadron Interactions. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 39. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2883-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2883-4_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-2885-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2883-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive