Abstract
The process whereby deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) molecules containing at least one βS chain (β6 glu→val) (α2 Aβ2 S or α2 AβSβX) form large polymers within red cells, thus causing their rigid deformation into various characteristic shapes (‘sickled’ cells), has been studied for the past half century or more and is now relatively well understood structurally and kinetically [1–7]. Understanding how this molecular defect translates into the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that characterize the fluctuating course of sickle cell disease has challenged physicians and scientists for many years and, despite many important advances, still offers diagnostic puzzles and therapeutic dilemmas. It is clear that intravascular red cell sickling lies at the core of all the clinical features - i.e., both the chronic hemolytic anemia and the vasoocclusive manifestations. However, with improved understanding of the biology of blood vessels and especially the interactions of endothelium with the formed as well as soluble blood elements, the process of vasoocclusion in sickle cell disease now is seen to be much more complex in its pathogenesis.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Sickle Cell
- Hairy Cell Leukemia
- Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
- Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
- Sickle Cell Disease Patient
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Mirchev R, Ferrone FA (1997) The structural link between polymerization and sickle cell disease. J Mol Biol 265: 475–9.
Noguchi CT, Rodgers GP, Serjeant G et al. (1988) Current concepts: levels of fetal hemoglobin necessary for treatment of sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 318: 96–9.
Noguchi CT, Schecter AN (1985) Sickle hemoglobin polymerization in solution and in cells. Annu Rev Biophys and Biophys Chem 14: 239–63.
Cao Z, Ferrone FA (1996) A 50th order reaction predicted and observed for sickle hemoglobin nucleation. J Mol Biol 256: 219–22.
Briehl R (1995) Nucleation, fiber growth and melting, and domain formation and structure in sickle cell hemoglobin gels. J Mol Biol 245: 710–23.
Ho C, Willis BF, Shen T-J et al. (1996) Roles of alpha 114 and beta 87 amino acid residues in the polymerization of hemoglobin S: implications for gene therapy. J Mol Biol 263: 475–85.
Eaton WA, Hofrichter J (1990) Sickle cell hemoglobin polymerization. Advan Protein Chem 40: 63–279.
Embury SH, Hebbel RP, Mohandas N et al. (eds) (1994) Sickle Cell Disease: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. Raven Press, New York.
Kaul DK, Fabry ME, Nagel RL (1996) The patho-physiology of vascular obstruction in the sickle syndromes. Blood Revs 10: 29–44.
Weil JV, Castro O, Malik AB et al. (1993) Pathogenesis of lung disease in sickle hemoglo-binopathies. Amer Rev Respir Dis 148: 249–56.
Ballas SK, Mohandas N (1996) Pathophysiology of vaso-occlusion. Hematol/Oncol Clin N Amer 10: 1221–39.
Murtaza LN, Stroud CE, Davis LR et al. (1981) Admissions to hospital of children with sickle cell anaemia: a study in South London. Br Med J 282: 1048–51.
Kark J A, Ward FT (1994) Exercise and hemoglobin S. Sem Hematol 31: 181–225.
Hasleton PS, Orr K, Wester A et al. (1989) Evolution of acute chest syndrome in sickle cell trait: an ultra- structural and light microscopic study. Thorax 44: 1057–8.
Knasel A (1982) Is sickle cell trait a health hazard? Medical problems: a brief review. Amer J Pediatr Haematol Oncol 4: 179–81.
Baum KF, Dunn DT, Maude GH et al. (1987) The painful crisis of homozygous sickle cell disease. Arch Intern Med 147: 1231–4.
Piatt OS, Thorington BD, Brambilla DJ et al. (1991) Pain in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 325: 11–16.
Williams S, Maude GH, Serjeant GR (1986) Clinical presentation of sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease. J Pediatr 109: 586–9.
Shao SH, Orringer EP (1996) Case report: splenic sequestration and multiorgan failure as the presenting manifestation of hemoglobin SC disease. Amer J Med Sci 311: 139–41.
Collins FS, Orringer EP (1982) Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in the sickle hemoglo-binopathies. Amer J Med 73: 814–21.
Powars DR, Chan L, Schroeder WA (1990) Gene-cluster haplotypes in sickle cell anemia: clinical implications. Amer J Pediatr Hematol/Oncol 12: 367–74.
Charache S (1990) Fetal hemoglobin, sickling, and sickle cell disease. Adv in Pediatr 37: 1–31.
Chang YC, Smith KD, Moore RD et al. (1995) An analysis of fetal hemoglobin variation in sickle cell disease: the relative contributions of the X-linked factor, S-globin haplotypes, a-globin gene number, gender, and age. Blood 85: 1111–17.
Steinberg MH, Hsu H, Nagel RL et al. (1995) Gender and haplotype effects upon hematological manifestations of adult sickle cell anemia. Amer J Hematol 48: 175–81.
Lu Z-H, Steinberg MH (1996) Fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia: relation to regulatory sequences cis to the jS-globin gene. Blood 87: 1604–11.
Eissa MM, Lawrence JM, McKenzie L et al. (1995) Systemic lupus erythematosus in a child with sickle cell disease. Southern Med J 88: 1176–8.
Labi M, Haponik EF, Welsh RA et al. (1989) Alveolar cell carcinoma complicating sickle cell anemia: a chance occurrence? Amer J Hematol 32: 222–5.
Vichinsky EP, Styles LA, Colangelo LH et al. (1997) Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: clinical presentation and course. Blood 89: 1787–92.
Vichinsky E, Styles L (1996) Pulmonary complications (of sickle cell disease). Hematol/Oncol Clin North Amer 10: 1275–87.
Dreyer ZE (1996) Chest infections and syndromes in sickle cell disease of childhood. Sem in Respir Infections 11: 163–72.
Castro O, Brambilla DJ, Thorington B et al. (1994) The acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: incidence and risk factors. Blood 84: 643–9.
Kirkpatrick MB, Haynes J (1994) Sickle cell disease and the pulmonary circulation. Seminars in Respir and Crit Care Med 15: 473–81.
Haynes J, Kirkpatrick MB (1993) The acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease. Amer J Med 305: 326–30.
Sprinkle RH, Cole T, Smith S et al. (1986) Acute chest syndrome in children with sickle cell disease: a retrospective analysis of 100 hospitalized cases. Amer J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 8: 105–10.
Poncz M, Kane E, Gill FM (1985) Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: etiology and clinical correlates. J Pediatr 107: 861–6.
Davies SC, Win AA, Luce PJ et al. (1984) Acute chest syndrome in sickle-cell disease. Lancet 1: 36–8.
Charache S, Scott JC, Charache P (1979) Acute chest syndrome in adults with sickle cell anemia: microbiology, treatment, and prevention. Arch Intern Med 139: 67–9.
Vichinsky E, Williams R, Das M et al. (1994) Pulmonary fat embolism: a distinct cause of severe acute chest syndrome in sickle cell anemia. Blood 83: 3107–12.
Castro O (1996) Systemic fat embolism and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease. Hematol/Oncol Clin North Amer 10: 1289–303.
Kolquist KA, Vnencak-Jones CL, Swift L et al. (1996) Fatal fat embolism syndrome in a child with undiagnosed hemoglobin S3+ thalassemia: a complication of acute parvovirus B19 infection. Pediatr Pathol Laboratory Med 16: 71–82.
Rao SP, Desai N, Miller ST (1996) B19 parvovirus infection and transient aplastic crisis in a child with sickle cell anemia. J Pediatr Hematol/Oncol 18: 175–7.
Haupt HM, Moore GW, Bauer TW et al. (1982) The lung in sickle cell disease. Chest 81: 332–7.
Gelfand, MJ, Daya SA, Rucknagel DL et al. (1993) Simultaneous occurrence of rib infarction and pulmonary infiltrates in sickle cell disease patients with acute chest syndrome. J Nuclear Med 34: 614–18.
Bellet PS, Kalinyak KA, Shukla R et al. (1995) Incentive spirometry to prevent acute pulmonary complications in sickle cell diseases. N Engl J Med 333: 699–703.
Francis RB (1991) Large-vessel occlusion in sickle cell disease: pathogenesis, clinical consequences, and therapeutic implications. Medical Hypotheses 35: 88–95.
Wolters HJ, Cate HT, Thomas LL et al. (1995) Low- intensity oral anticoagulation in sickle-cell disease reverses the prethrombotic state: promises for treatment? Brit J Haematol 90: 715–17.
Kirkpatrick MB, Haynes J, Bass JB (1991) Results of bronchoscopically obtained lower airway cultures from adult sickle cell disease patients with the acute chest syndrome. Am J Med 90: 206–10.
Barrett-Connor E (1971) Bacterial infection and sickle cell anemia. Medicine 50: 97–112.
Barrett-Connor E (1973) Pneumonia and pulmonary infarction in sickle cell anemia. JAMA 224: 997–1000.
Athanasou NA, Hatton C, McGee JO et al. (1985) Vascular occlusion and infarction in sickle cell crisis and the sickle chest syndrome. J Clin Pathol 38: 659–64.
Kaul DK, Fabry ME, Nagel RL (1989) Microvascular sites and characteristics of sickle cell adhesion ot vascular endothelium in shear flow conditions: pathophsiological implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86: 3356–60.
Shalev O, Hebbel RP (1996) Catalysis of soluble hemoglobin oxidation by free iron on sickle red cell membranes. Blood 87: 3948–52.
Styles LA, Schalkwijk CG, Aarsman AJ et al. (1996) Phospholipase A2 levels in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease. Blood 87: 2573–8.
Mosseri M, Bartlett-Pandite AN, Wenc K et al. (1993) Inhibition of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by sickle erythrocytes. Amer Heart J 126: 338–46.
Phelan M, Perrine SP, Brauer M et al. (1995) Sickle erythrocytes, after sickling, regulate the expression of the endothelin-1 gene and protein in human endothelial cells in culture. J Clin Invest 96: 1145–51.
Hassell KL, Eckman JR, Lane PA (1994) Acute multiorgan failure syndrome: a potentially cata-strophic complication of severe sickle cell pain episodes. Amer J of Med 96: 155–62.
Bhalla M, Abboud MR, McLoud TC et al. (1993) Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: CT evidence of microvascular occlusion. Radiology 187: 45–9.
Jacques C, Berenbaum F (1996) Role of type II secreted phospholipase A2 in inflammatory processes. Comptes Rendus Seances Soc Biol 190: 437–43.
Lambeau G, Ancian P, Nicolas JP et al. (1996) A family of receptors for secretory phospholipases A2. Comptes Rendus Seances Soc Biol 190: 425–35.
Samet JM, Madden MC, Fonteh AN (1996) Characterization of a secretory phospholipase A2 in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Experimental Lung Res 22: 299–315.
Roberts MF (1996) Phospholipases: structural and functional motifs for working at an interface. FASEB J 10: 1159–72.
Grass DS, Felkner RH, Chiang MY et al. (1996) Expression of human group II PLA2 in transgenic mice results in epidermal hyperplasia in the absence of inflammatory infiltrate. J Clin Invest 97: 2233–41.
Chilton F (1996) Would the real role(s) for secretory PLA2s please stand up? J Clin Invest 97: 2161–2.
Murakami M, Kudo I, Inoue K (1995) Secretory phospholipases A2. J Lipid Mediators & Cell Signalling 12: 119–30.
Godeau B, Schaeffer A, Bachir D et al. (1996) Bronchoalveolar lavage in adult sickle cell patients with acute chest syndrome: value for diagnostic assessment of fat embolism. Amer J Respir Crit Care Med 153: 1691–6.
Mimoz O, Edouard A, Beydon L et al. (1995) Contribution of bronchoalveolar lavage to the diagnosis of posttraumatic pulmonary fat embolism. Intensive Care Med 21: 973–80.
Roger N, Xaubet A, Agusti C et al. (1995) Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome. European Respir J 8: 1275–80.
Stanley JD, Hanson RR, Hicklin GA et al. (1994) Specificity of bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome. Amer Surgeon 60: 537–41.
Shapiro, BS, Cohen DE, Howe CJ (1993) Patient- controlled analgesia for sickle-cell-related pain. J Pain & Symptom Management 8: 22–8.
Gonzalez ER, Bahal N, Hansen LA et al. (1991) Intermittent injection vs patient-controlled analgesia for sickle cell crisis pain. Arch Intern Med 151: 1373–8.
Ward SJ, Simini B, Meitzer BA et al. (1996) Sickle cell pain crisis. In: Letters to the editor. Lancet 347: 261–2.
Baird S, Johnson JL, Escudero, CRTT et al. (1994) Combined pressure control/high frequency ventilation in adult respiratory distress syndrome and sickle cell anemia. Chest 106: 1913–16.
Tränt CA, Casey JR, Hansell D etal. (1996) Successful use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of acute chest syndrome in a child with severe sickle cell anemia. ASAIO J 42: 236–9.
Miller ST, Hammerschlag MR, Chirgwin K et al. (1991) Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease. J Pediatr 118: 30–1.
Griffin TC, Mclntire D, Buchanan GR (1994) High- dose intravenous methyprednisolone therapy for pain in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 330: 733–7.
Van Agtmael MA, Cheng JD, Nossent HC (1994) Acute chest syndrome in adult Afrocaribbean patients with sickle cell disease: analysis of 81 episodes among 53 patients. Arch Intern Med 154: 557–60.
Wayne AS, Kevy SV, Nathan DG (1993) Transfusion management of sickle cell disease. Blood 81: 1109–23.
King KE, Ness PM (1996) Treating anemia. Hematol Oncol Clinics of North Amer 10: 1305–20.
Ware RE, Filston HC (1992) Surgical management of children with hemoglobinopathies. Surg Clinics of North Amer 72: 1223–36.
Rees DC, Cervi P, Grimwade D et al. (1995) The metabolites of nitric oxide in sickle-cell disease. Brit J Haematol 91: 834–7.
Lopez BL, Barnett J, Ballas SK et al. (1996) Nitric oxide metabolite levels in acute vasoocclusive sickle-cell crisis. Academic Emergency Med 3: 1098–103.
French JA, Kenny D, Scott JP et al. (1997) Mechanisms of stroke in sickle cell disease: sickle erythrocytes decrease cerebral blood flow in rats after nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Blood 89: 4591–9.
Osei SY, Ahima RS, Fabry ME et al. (1996) Immunohistochemical localization of hepatic nitric oxide synthase in normal and transgenic sickle cell mice: the effect of hypoxia. Blood 88: 3583–8.
Bank N, Aynedjian HS, Qiu JH et al. (1996) Renal nitric oxide synthases in transgenic sickle cell mice. Kidney International 50: 184–9.
Head CA, Brugnara C, Martinez-Ruiz R et al. (1997) Low concentrations of nitro oxide increase oxygen affinity of sickle erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest 100: 1193–8.
Ryan TM, Ciavatta DJ, Townes TM (1997) Knockout-transgenic mouse model of sickle cell disease. Science 278: 873–5.
Paszty C, Brion CM, Manci E et al. (1997) Transgenic knockout mice with exclusively human sickle hemoglobin and sickle cell disease. Science 278: 876–8.
Scully RE, Mark EJ, McNeely WF (eds) (1997) Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. N Engl J Med 337: 1293–301.
Styles LA, Vichinsky E (1994) Effects of a long-term transfusion regimen on sickle cell-related illnesses. J Pediatr 125: 909.
Charache S, Terrin ML, Moore RD et al. (1995) Effect of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia. N Engl J Med 332: 1317–22.
Walters MC, Patience M, Leisenring W et al. (1996) Bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 335: 369–76.
Piatt OS, Guinan EC (1996) Bone marrow transplantation in sickle cell anemia - the dilemma of choice. N Engl J Med 335: 426–8.
Charache S (1996) Experimental therapy: experimental versus conventional therapy. Hematol Oncol Clinics North Amer 10: 1373–82.
Yater WM, Hansmann GH (1936) Sickle call anemia: a new cause of cor pulmonale and right heart failure. Am J Med Sei 191: 474.
Margolies MP (1951) Sickle cell anemia: a compos-ite study and survey. Medicine 30: 357–443.
Petch CP (1951) Cor pulmonale from recurrent pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1: 1346.
Moser KM, Shea JG (1957) The relationship between pulmonary infarction, cor pulmonale, and the sickle states. Am J Med 22: 561–79.
Sproule BJ, Halden ER, Miller WF (1958) A study of cardio-pulmonary alterations in patients with sickle cell disease and its variants. J Clin Invest 37: 486–95.
Powars D, Weidman JA, Odom-Maryon T et al. (1988) Sickle cell chronic lung disease: prior mor-bidity and the risk of pulmonary failure. Medicine 67: 66–76.
Aquino SL, Gamsu G, Fahy JV et al. (1994) Chronic pulmonary disorders in sickle cell disease: findings at thin-section CT. Radiology 193: 807–11.
Bowen, EF, Crowston JG, De Ceulaer K et al. (1990) Peak expiratory flow rate and the acute chest syn-drome in homozygous sickle cell disease. Arch Dis Childhood 65: 330–2.
Sutton LL, Castro O, Cross DJ et al. (1994) Pulmonary hypertension in sickle disease. Am J Cardiol 74: 626–8.
Fuster V, Steele PM, Edwards WD et al. (1984) Primary pulmonary hypertension: natural history and the importance of thrombosis. Circulation 70: 580.
Reynolds J (1965) The roentgenological features of sickle cell disease and related hemoglobinopathies. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, pp. 185–218.
Smith JA (1987) Cardiopulmonary manifestations of sickle cell disease in childhood. Sem in Roentgenology 22: 160–7.
Covitz W, Espeland M, Gallagher D et al. (1995) The heart in sickle cell anemia: the cooperative study of sickle cell disease. Chest 108: 1214–19.
Oppenheimer EH, Esterly JR (1971) Pulmonary changes in sickle cell disease. Amer Rev Respir Dis 103: 858–9.
Song J (1971) Pulmonary lesions in sickle cell disease. In: Pathology of sickle cell disease. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, pp. 176–91.
Bromberg PA, Berkowitz LR (1994) The lungs and hematologic disease. In Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 2nd edn, Murray JF, Nadel JA (eds.), WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 2435–62.
Pianosi P, D’Souza SJ, Charge TD et al. (1993) Pulmonary function abnormalities in childhood sickle cell disease. J Pediatr 122: 366–71.
Miller GJ, Serjeant GR (1971) An assessment of lung volumes and gas transfer in sickle cell anaemia. Thorax 26: 309–15.
Bookchin RM, Lew VL (1996) Pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia. Hematol/Oncol Clinics North Amer 10: 1241–53.
Samuels MP, Stebbens VA, Davies SC et al. (1992) Sleep related upper airway obstruction and hypoxaemia and sickle cell disease. Arch Dis Childhood 67: 925–9.
D’Aloya N (1993) Sleep related upper airway obstruction and hypoxaemia in sickle cell disease. In: Letters to the editor. Arch Dis Childhood 68: 715.
Ajulo SO (1991) Priapism of the turbinates: a cause of nasal obstruction in sickle cell anaemia. J Laryngol Otol 105: 851–2.
Takeda R, Mabuchi H (1974) A massive pulmonary hemorrhage resulting in cavitation occurring in a case of hemophilia A associated with diabetes mellitus. Southern Med J 67: 869–73.
Pursei SE, Kay SA (1972) Pulmonary resection in hemophilia. Chest 62: 342–3.
Connolly JP (1993) Hemoptysis as a presentation of mild hemophilia A in an adult. Chest 103: 1281–2.
Kay WR, Kupfer HG (1957) Spontaneous hemothorax in hemophilia: case report and discussion of the hemophilia syndromes, with remarks on the man-agement of hemothorax. Case Reports. Ann Intern Med 47: 152–61.
Barrett KE, Israels CG (1965) Haemothorax in haemophilia. Thorax 20: 416–21.
Rasaretnam R, Chanmugam D, Sivathasan C (1976) Spontaneous haemothorax in a mild haemophiliac. Thorax 31: 601–4.
Berghout A, Mallens WMC, te Velde J et al. (1983) Teratoma of the lung in a hemophilic patient. Acta Haemat 70: 330–4.
Putman CE, Gamsu G, Zinn D et al. (1976) Radiographic chest abnormalities in adult hemo- philia. Radiology 118: 41–3.
Boese EC, Tantum KR, Eyster ME (1979) Pulmonary function abnormalities after infusion of antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates. Amer J Med 67: 474–6.
Eyster ME, Nav ME (1978) Particulate material in antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates. Transfusion 18: 578–81.
Chediak J, Chausow A, Solarski A et al. (1984) Pulmonary function in hemophiliac patients treated with commercial factor VIII concentrates. Amer J Med 77: 293–6.
Goldsmith GH, Baily RG, Brettler DB et al. (1988) Primary pulmonary hypertension in patients with classic hemophilia. Ann Intern Med 108: 797–9.
Bray GL, Martin GR, Chandra R (1989) Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, hemophilia A, and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 111: 689–90.
Speich R, Jenni R, Opravil M et al. (1991) Primary pulmonary hypertension in HIV infection. Chest 100: 1268–71.
Polos PG, Wolfe D, Harley RA et al. (1992) Pulmo-nary hypertension and human immodeficiency virus infection. Chest 101: 474–8.
Mette SA, Palevsky HI, Pietra GG et al. (1992) Primary pulmonary hypertension in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A possible viral etiology for some forms of hypertensive pulmonary arteriopathy. Amer Rev Respir Dis 145: 1196–2000.
Petitpretz P, Brenot F, Azarian R et al. (1994) Pulmonary hypertension in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Circulation 89: 2722–7.
Morse JH, Barst RJ, Itescu S et al. (1996) Primary pulmonary hypertension in HIV infection: an outcome determined by particular HLA class II alleles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153: 1299–301.
Aledort LM (1996) Hemophilia: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Mt. Sinai J Med 63: 225–35.
Pochedly C, Rosales A (1968) Respiratory obstruction in a child with classical hemophilia. Amer J Dis Child 116: 103–5.
Castellino RA, Blank N, Hoppe RT et al. (1986) Hodgkin’s disease: contributions of chest CT in the initial staging evaluation. Radiology 160: 603.
Khoury MB, Godwin JD, Halvorsen R et al. (1986) Role of chest CT in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Radiology 158: 659.
Rappaport H, Berard CW, Butler J J (1971) Report of the committee on histopathological criteria contributing to staging of Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Res 31: 1864.
Hellman S, Jaffe ES, DeVita VT Jr (1991) Hodgkin’s Disease. In DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds): Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 249.
Stein H, Hansmann ML, Lennert K et al. (1986) Reed- Sternberg and Hodgkin cells in lymphocyte predominant on nodular subtype. Am J Clin Pathol 86: 292.
Marafioti T, Hummel M, Anagnostopoulos I et al. (1997) Origin of nodular-lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s disease from a clonal expansion of highly mutated germinal-center B cells. N Engl J Med 337: 453.
Horning SJ, Rosenberg SA (1984) The natural history of initially untreated low grade non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 311: 147.
Filly R, Blank N, Castellino R (1976) Radiographic distribution of intrathoracic disease in previously untreated patients with Hodgkin’s disease and non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Radiology 120: 277–81.
Jackelson MS, Balikian JP, Mauch P etal. (1983) Peri- and paracardiac involvement in lymphoma. AJR 140: 483.
Blank N, Castellino RA (1980) The intrathoracic manifestations of the malignant lymphomas and leukemias. Semin Roentgenol 15: 225.
Bragg DG (1987) Radiology of the lymphomas. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 16: 183.
Catterrall JR, McCabe RE, Brooks RG et al. (1989) Open lung biopsy in patients with Hodgkin’s disease and pulmonary infiltrates. Am Rev Respir Dis 139: 1274.
McCabe RE, Brooks RG, Catterall JR et al. (1989) Open lung biopsy in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and pulmonary infiltrates. Chest 96: 319.
North LB, Libshitz HI, Lorigan JG (1990) Thoracic lymphomas. Radiol Clin North Am 28: 745.
Jenkins PF, Ward MJ, Davies P et al. (1981) Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and the lung. Br J Dis Chest 75: 22.
Shuman LS, Libshitz HI (1984) Solid pleural mani-festations of lymphoma. AJR 142: 269.
Ellert J, Kreel L (1980) The role of computed tomography in the initial staging and subsequent man-agement of the lymphomas. J Comput Assis Tomogr 4: 368.
Primack SL, Muller NL (1994) High-resolution com-puted tomography in acute diffuse lung disease in the immunocompromised patient. Radiol Clin North Am 32: 731.
Berkman N, Breuer R (1993) Pulmonary involvement in lymphoma. Respiratory Medicine 87: 85.
Celikoglu F, Tierstein AS, Krellenstein DJ et al. (1992) Pleural effusions in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Chest 101: 1357.
Xaubet A, Diumenjo MC, Marin A et al. (1985) Characteristics and prognostic value of pleural effu-sions in non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Eur J Respir Dis 66: 135.
Melamed MR (1963) The cytologic presentation of malignant lymphomas and related diseases in effu-sions. Cancer 16: 413.
L’Hoste RJ, Filippa DA, Lieberman PH et al. (1984) Primary pulmonary lymphomas: A clinicopatho- logic analysis of 36 cases. Cancer 54: 1397.
Saltzstein SL (1963) Pulmonary malignant lymphomas and pseudolymphomas: Classification, therapy, and prognosis. Cancer 16: 928.
Turner RR, Colby TV, Doggett RS (1984) Well- 291 differentiated lymphoma. A study of 47 patients with primary manifestation in the lung. Cancer 54: 2088.
Kennedy JL, Nathwani BN, Burke JS et al. (1985) Pulmonary lymphomas and other pulmonary lymphoid lesions: A clinicopathologic and immunologic study of 64 patients. Cancer 56: 539.
Katzenstein ALA, Askin FB (1990) Primary Lymphoid Lung Lesions. In: Katzenstein ALA, Askin FB eds Surgical pathology of non-neoplastic lung disease. WB. Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 290.
Stephanian E, Gruber SA, Dunn D et al. (1991) Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Transplant Rev 5: 120.
Purtillo DT, Strobach S, Okano M et al. (1992) Epstein Barr virus associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Lab Invest 67: 5.
List AF, Greco FA, Volger LB (1987) Lympho-proliferative diseases in immunocompromised hosts: The role of Epstein-Barr virus. J Clin Oncol 5: 1673.
Aris RM, Maia DM, Neuringer IP et al. (1996) Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in the Epstein-Barr virus naive lung transplant recipient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154: 1712.
Walker RC, Paya CV, Marshall WF et al. (1995) Pre- transplantation seronegative Epstein-Barr virus status is the primary risk factor for post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in adult heart, lung, and other solid organ transplantations. J Heart Lung Transplant 14: 214.
Armitage JM, Kormos RL, Stuart RS et al. (1991) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in thoracic organ transplant patients: Ten years of cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. J Heart Lung Transplant 10: 877.
Dodd GD, Ledesma-Medina J, Baron RL et al. (1992) Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: Intrathoracic manifestations. Radiology 184: 65.
Trulock EP (1997) State of the Art: Lung transplan-tation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155: 789.
Harris KM, Schwartz ML, Slasky BS et al. (1987) Post transplantation cyclosporine-induced lympho-proliferative disorders: clinical and radiographic manifestations. Radiology 162: 697.
Honda H, Barloon TJ, Franken EA etal. (1990) Clinical and radiologic features of malignant neoplasms in organ transplant recipients: Cyclosporine- treated vs untreated patients. AJR 154: 271.
Garrett TJ, Chadburn A, Barr ML et al. (1993) Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders treated with cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin- vincristine-prednisone chemotherapy. Cancer 72: 2782.
Leblond V, Sutton L, Dorent R et al. (1995) Lymphoproliferative disorders after organ trans-plantation: a report of 24 cases observed in a single center. J Clin Oncol 13: 961.
Kradin RL, Mark EJ (1983) Benign lymphoid disorders of the lung with a theory regarding their devel-opment. Hum Pathol 14: 857.
Strimland CV, Rosenow EC., III, Weiland LH et al. (1978) Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Review of 13 cases. Ann Intern Med 88: 616.
Liebow AA, Carrington CB (1973) Diffuse pulmonary lymphoreticular infiltrations associated with dysproteinemia. Med Clin North Am 57: 809.
Helman CA, Keeton GR, Benatar SR (1977) Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia with associated chronic active hepatitis and renal tubular acidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 115: 161.
Grieco H, Chinoy-Acharya P (1985) Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 131: 952.
Koss MN, Hochholzer L, Langloss JM et al. (1987) Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: Clinico- pathological and immunopathological findings in 18 cases. Pathology 19: 178.
Perreault C, Cousineau S, D’Angelo G et al. (1985) Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Cancer 55: 1.
Feigin DS, Siegelman SS, Theros EG etal. (1977) Nonmalignant lymphoid disorders of the chest. AJR 129: 901.
Glickstein M, Kornstein MJ, Pietra GG etal. (1986) Nonlymphomatous lymphoid disorders of the lung. AJR 147: 227.
Carignan S, Staples CA, Muller NL (1995) Intrathoracic lymphoproliferative disorders in the immunocompromised patient: CT findings. Radiology 197: 53.
McGuinness G, Scholes JV, Jagirdar JS et al. (1995) Unusual lymphoproliferative disorders in nine adults with HIV or AIDS: CT and pathologic findings. Radiology 197: 59.
Banerjee D, Ahmad D (1982) Malignant lymphoma complicating lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia: A monoclonal B-cell neoplasm arising in a polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorder. Hum Pathol 13: 780.
Schuurman HJ, Gooszen H, Tan I et al. (1987) Low- grade lymphoma of immature T-cell phenotype in a case of lymphocytic pneumonia and Sjogrens’s syndrome. Histopathology 11: 1193.
Steinberg AD, Seldin MF, Jaffe ES et al. (1988) Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dys-proteinemia. Ann Intern Med 108: 575.
Pruzanski W (1980) Lymphadenopathy associated with dysgammaglobulinemia. Semin Hematol 17: 44.
Libshitz HI, Clouser M, Zornoza J etal. (1977) Radiographic findings of immunoblastic lym-phadenopathy and related immunoblastic proliferations. AJR 129: 875.
Limpert J, MacMahon H, Variakajis D (1984) Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: Clinical and radiologic features. Radiology 152: 27.
Liebow AA, Carrington CB, Friedman RJ (1972) Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Hum Pathol 3: 457.
Pisani RJ, De Remee RA (1990) Clinical implications of the histologic diagnosis of pulmonary lym-phomatoid granulomatosis. Mayo Clin Proc 25: 25.
Katzenstein A, Carrington C, Liebow A (1979) Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. A clinicopathologic study of 152 cases. Cancer 43: 360.
Koss M, Hochholzer L, Langloss J et al. (1986) Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. A clinicopathologic study of 42 patients. Pathol 18: 283.
Myers JC (1990) Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: Past, present, future? (editorial) Mayo Clin Proc 65: 274.
James W, Odom R, Katzenstein A (1981) Cutaneous manifestations of lymphomatoid granulomatosis: report of forty-four patients and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1167: 196.
Dee P, Arora N, Innes D Jr (1982) The pulmonary manifestations of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Radiology 143: 613.
Wechsler R, Steiner R, Israel H (1984) Chest radio-graph in lymphomatoid granulomatosis: Comparison with Wegener’s granulomatosis. AJR 142: 79.
Lipford E., Jr, Margolick J, Longo D et al. (1988) Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions: A clini-copathologic spectrum of post-thymic T-cell proliferations. Blood 72: 1674.
Fauci A, Haynes B, Costa J et al. (1982) Lympho-matoid granulomatosis: Prospective clinical and therapeutic experience over 10 years. N Engl J Med 306: 68.
Shank B, Kelley C, Nisce L et al. (1978) Radiation therapy for lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Cancer.
Castleman B, Iverson L, Menendez VP (1956) Localized mediastinal lymphnode hyperplasia resembling thymoma. Cancer 9: 822.
Keller AR, Hochholzer L, Castleman B (1972) Hyaline-vascular and plasma-cell types of giant lymph node hyperplasia of the mediastinum and other locations. Cancer 29: 670.
Charig MJ (1990) Mediastinal Castleman’s disease: a missed pre-operative diagnosis? Clin Radiol 42: 440.
Olscamp G, Weisbrod G, Sanders D et al. (1980) Castleman’s disease: Unusual manifestations of an unusual disorder. Radiology 135: 43.
Phelan MS (1982) Castleman’s giant lymph node hyperplasia. Br J Radiol 55: 158.
Fiore D, Biondetti PR, Calabro F et al. (1983) CT demonstration of bilateral Castleman tumours in the mediastinum. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7: 719.
Onik G, Goodman PC (1983) CT of Castleman’s disease. AJR 140: 691.
Samuels TH, Hamilton PA, Ngan B (1990) Castleman’s disease: Demonstration with computed tomography and angiography. J Can Assoc Radiol 154: 380.
Frizzera G (1988) Castleman’s disease and related disorders Semin Diagn Pathol 5: 525.
Weisenberger DD, Nathwani BN, Winberg CD et al. (1985) Multicentric angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases. Hum Pathol 16: 162.
Frizzera G, Peterson BA, Bayrd ED et al. (1985) A systemic lymphoproliferative disorder with mor-phologic features of Castleman’s disease: Clinical findings and clinicopathologic correlation in 15 patients. J Clin Oncol 3: 1202.
Yoshizaki K, Matsuda T, Nishimoto H et al. (1989) Pathogenic significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF- 2) in Castleman’s disease. Blood 74: 1360.
Leger-Ravet MB, Peuchmaur M, Devergne O et al. (1991) Interleukin-6 gene expression in Castleman’s disease. Blood 78: 2923.
Flendrig JA, Schillings PHM (1969) Benign giant lymphoma: The clinical signs and symptoms. Folia Med Neerl 12: 119.
Marsh WL, Byland DJ, Heath VC et al. (1986) Osteoarticular and pulmonary manifestations of acute leukemia. Cancer 57: 385.
Maile CW, Moore AV, Ulreich S et al. (1983) Chest radiographic-pathologic correlation in adult leukemia patients. Invest Radiol 81: 495.
Kovalski R, Hansen-Flaschen J, Lodato RF, et al. (1990) Localized leukemic pulmonary infiltrates: Diagnosis by bronchoscopy and resolution with therapy. Chest 97: 674.
Klatte EC, Yardley J, Smith EB etal. (1963) The pulmonary manifestations and complications of leukemia. AJR 89: 598.
Lee MJ, Grogan L, Meehan S et al. (1991) Case report: Granulocytic sarcoma: CT characteristics. Clinical Radiol 43: 57.
Green RA, Nichols NJ (1959) Pulmonary involve-ment in leukemia. Am Rev Respir Dis 80: 833.
McKee LC, Collins RD (1974) Intravascular leukocyte thrombi and aggregates as a cause of morbidity and mortality in leukemia. Medicine 53: 463.
van Buchem MA, Wondergen JH, Schultze Kool LJ et al. (1987) Pulmonary leukostasis: Radiologic- pathologic study. Radiology 165: 739.
Lichtman, MA, Weed RI (1972) Peripheral cytoplas-mic characteristics of leukocytes in monocytic leukemia: Relationship to clinical manifestations. Blood 40: 52.
Singer C, Armstrong D, Rosen PP et al. (1979) Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients: Prospective study of 80 cases. Am J Med 66: 110.
Stover DE (1989) Diagnosis of pulmonary disease in the immunocompromised host. Sem Respir Med 10: 89.
Tenholder MF, Hooper RG (1980) Pulmonary infiltrates in leukemia. Chest 78: 468.
Polsky B, Armstrong D (1985) Infectious complications of neoplastic disease. Am J Infect Control 13: 199.
Sickles EA, Greene WH, Wiernik PH (1975) Clinical presentation of infection in granulocytopenic patients. Arch Intern Med 135: 715.
Sickles EA, Young VM, Green WH (1973) Pneumonia in acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 79: 528.
Rivera MP, Jules-Elysee K, Stover DE (1994) Nontransplant chemotherapy immunosuppression. In: Niederman MS, Sarosi GA, Glassroth J, eds. Respiratory infections: a scientific basis for management. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 163.
Kirby BD, Snyder KM, Meyer RD et al. (1980) Legionnaires’ disease: Report of sixty-five nosocoial acquired cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 59: 188.
Perez CR, Leigh MW (1991) Mycoplasma pneumoniae as the causative agent for pneumonia in the immunocompromised host. Chest 100: 860.
Golomb HM, Hanauer SB (1981) Infectious complications associated with hairy cell leukemia. J Infec Dis 143: 639.
Stewart DJ, Bodey GP (1981) Infections in hairy cell leukemia. Cancer 47: 801.
Saravolatz LD, Burch KH, Fisher E et al. (1979) The compromised host and legionnaire’s disease. Ann Intern Med 90: 533.
Meyer RD, Edelstein PH, Kirby BD et al. (1980) Legionnaires disease. Unusual clinical and labora-tory features. Ann Intern Med 93: 240.
Feigin DS (1986) Nocardiosis of the lung: Chest radiographic findings in 21 cases. Radiology 159: 9.
Libshitz HI, Pannu HK, Elting LS et al (1997) Tuberculosis in cancer patients: An update. JThorac Imag 12: 41.
Kaplan MH, Armstrong D, Rosen P (1974) Tuberculosis complicating neoplastic disease. Cancer 33: 850.
McLoud TC (1989) Pulmonary infections in the immunocompromised host. Radiol Clin North Am 27: 1059.
McLoud TC (1991) Radiographic techniques. In: Shelhamer J, Pizzo PA, Parillo JE et al. eds. Respiratory disease in the immunocompromised host. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, p. 39.
Rolston KVI, Jones PG, Fainstein V et al. (1985) Pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria in patients with cancer. Chest 87: 503.
Horsburg CR Jr, Mason UG III, Farhi DC et al. (1985) Disseminated infection with Mycobacterium- avium intracellulare. A report of 13 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 64: 36.
Ingram CW, Tanner DC, Durack DT et al. (1993) Disseminated infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clin Infec Dis 16: 463.
Bennet C, Vardiman J, Golomb HM (1986) Disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Am J Med 80: 891.
Pizzo PA (1993) Management of fever in patients with cancer and treatment-induced neutropenia. N Engl J Med 328: 1323.
Degregorio MW, Lee WMF, Linker CA et al. (1982) Fungal infections in patients with Acute leukemia. Ann J Med 73: 543.
Meyer RD, Young LS, Armstrong D et al. (1973) Aspergillosis complicating neoplastic disease. Am J Med 54: 6.
Gerson SL, Talbot GH, Lusk E et al. (1985) Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in adult acute leukemia: clinical clues to its diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 3: 1109.
Albelda SM, Talbot GH, Gerson SL et al. (1985) Pulmonary consolidation and massive hemoptysis in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Influence of bone marrow recovery in patients with acute leukemia. Am Rev Respir Dis 131: 115.
Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK, Burch PA etal. (1988) CT of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. AJR 150: 1015.
Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK, Burch PA et al. (1987) Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acute leukemia: the contribution of CT to early diagnosis and aggressive management. Chest 92: 95.
Freeberg G, Stover DE, Levine S etal. (1990) Spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis in immuno-compromised hosts. Chest 31 (Supp).
Mehta J, Kelsey S, Chu P etal. (1997) Ampho-B lipid complex (ABLC) for the treatment of confirmed or presumed fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. BMT 20: 39.
Kovacs JA, Hiemenz JW, Macher Am et al. (1984) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A comparison between patients with the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Ann Intern Med 100: 663.
DeLorenzo LJ, Huang CT, Maguire GP et al. (1987) Roentgenographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 91: 323.
Masur H, Meier P, McCutchan JA et al. (1990) Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 323: 1500.
Limper AH, Offord KP, Smith TF etal. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Differences in lung parasite number and inflammation in patients with and without AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis 140: 1204.
Smith RL, El Sadr WM, Lewis ML (1988) Correlation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations with clinical severity of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 92: 60.
Mason GR, Hashimoto CH, Dickman PS et al. (1989) Prognostic implications of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis 139: 1336.
Wingard JR (1993) Viral infections in leukemia and bone marrow transplant patients. Leuk and Lymph 11: 115.
Sarai R, Ambinder RF, Burns WH et al. (1983) Acyclovir prophylaxis against recrudescent herpes simplex virus infections in leukemic patients: a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled study. Ann Intern Med 99: 773.
Wade JC, Bustamante CI, Newman KA etal. (1988) Cytomegalovirus: an important pathogen for adults receiving induction therapy for acute leukemia. 28th Annual Intersci. Conf. on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Abstract No. 1394.
Rosen P, Hadju S (1968) Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease in adults. J Clin Pathol 21: 311.
Cooper JA Jr, White DA, Matthay R (1986) Drug-induced pulmonary disease. Part 1: Cytotoxic drugs. Am Rev Respir Dis 133: 321.
Stover DE (1991) Adverse effects of treatment In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Marcel- Dekker, New York, pp.
Gibson PG, Bryant DH, Morgan GW (1988) Radiation-induced lung injury: A hypersensitivity pneumonitis? Ann Intern Med 109: 288.
Gross N (1977) Pulmonary effects of radiation therapy. Ann Intern Med 86: 81.
Lichtenstein H (1960) X-ray diagnosis of radiation injury of the lung. Dis Chest 38: 294.
Libshitz HI (1984) Radiation-induced pulmonary change: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8: 15.
Roswit B, White DC (1977) Severe radiation injuries of the lung. AJR 129: 127.
Bachman A, Macken K (1959) Pleural effusions following supervoltage radiation for breast carcinoma. Radiology 72: 699.
Libshitz HI, Brosof A, Southard ME (1973) The radiographic appearance of the chest following extended field radiation therapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 32: 206.
Rosenow EC III, Myers JL, Swensen SJ et al. (1992) Drug-induced pulmonary disease: An update. Chest 102: 239.
Jules-Elysee K, White DA (1990) Bleomycin- induced pulmonary toxicity. Clin Chest Med 11: 1.
Weiss RB, Donehower RC, Wiernick PH et al. (1990) Hypersensitivity reactions to taxol. J Clin Oncol 8: 1263.
White DA, Rankin JA, Stover DE et al. (1989) Methotrexate pneumonitis: bronchoalveolar lavage findings suggest an immunologic disorder. Am Rev Respir Dis 139: 18.
Orwoll ES, Kiessling P, Patterson R (1978) Interstitial pneumonia from mitomycin. Ann Intern Med 89: 352.
Sostman HD, Matthay RA, Putman CE (1976) Methotrexate-induced pneumonitis. Medicine 55: 331.
Weiss RB, Poster DS, Penta JS (1981) The nitrosoureas and pulmonary toxicity. Cancer Treat Rev 8: 111.
Bellamy EA, Husband JE, Blaquiere RM et al. (1985) Bleomycin-related lung damage: CT evidence. Radiology 156: 155.
Huang ME, Ye YC, Chen SR et al. (1988) Use of all- trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 72: 567.
Castaigne S, Chomienne C, Daniel MT et al. (1990) All-trans retinoic acid as a differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Clinical results. Blood 76: 1704.
Frankle SR, Eardley A, Lauwers G et al. (1992) ‘Retinoic acid syndrome’ in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Ann Intern Med 117:292.
Wiley JS, Firkin FC (1995) Reduction of pulmonary toxicity by prednisone prophylaxis during all -trans retinoic acid treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 9: 774.
Margolin KA, Raynor AA, Hawkins MJ et al. (1989) Interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy of solid tumors: analysis of toxicity and management guidelines. J Clin Oncol 7: 486.
Cockerill FR III, Wilso WR, Carpenter HA et al. (1985) Open lung biopsy in immunocompromised patients. Arch Intern Med 145: 1398.
Tenholder MF, Hooper RG (1980) Pulmonary hemorrhage in the immunocompromised host: an elusive reality (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis 121 (suppl): 198.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bromberg, P.A., Rivera, M.P. (1999). Hematological Disorders. In: Sperber, M. (eds) Diffuse Lung Disorders. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3440-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3440-4_13
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3442-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3440-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive