Abstract
The Jim Crow era is naturally portrayed as an oppressive era for African Americans. African Americans’ civil rights were eroded through US Supreme Court cases such as the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 and Plessy vs. Ferguson, thus sanctioning and enforcing racial segregation.1 Disfranchisement was the order of the day as restrictive policies such as the poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause, and the white primary were directed against African American voters.2 Lastly, racial violence such as lynchings and race riots kept African Americans in a state of constant terror and intimidation.3
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Notes
Rayford W. Logan, The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson (New York: Da Capo Press, 1954), 108–11.
Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The African American Odyssey (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000), 312–13.
Osha Gray Davidson, The Best of Enemies: Race and Redemption in the New South (New York: Scribner, 1996), 16.
Davidson, The Best of Enemies, 26; Juliet Walker, The History of Black Business in America; Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship (New York: Macmillan Reference Library, 1998), 190.
Davidson, The Best of Enemies, 26–27; August Meier, Negro Thought In America, 1880–1915 (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1963), 144.
Dorothy Phelps Jones, The End of an Era (Durham, NC: Brown Enterprises, Inc.) 2001, 66–67.
Ron Thomas, They cleared the Lane: The NBA’s Black Pioneers (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2002) 165–67.
Jim L. Sumner, A History of Sports in North Carolina (Raleigh, NC: Division of Archives and History, 1990), 81
Charles Watts, “Lincoln Hospital of Durham, North Carolina: A Short History,” Journal of the National Medical Association, 57 (March 1965): 178.
Jean Bradley Anderson, Durham County: A History of Durham County, North Carolina (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990) 407.
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© 2006 Gayle T. Tate and Lewis A. Randolph
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Williams, O.R. (2006). Memories of Hayti: African American Community in Durham, North Carolina, 1890–1970. In: The Black Urban Community. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73572-3_3
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