Abstract
Did the New Woman really exist? The question is not quite as naive as it seems. Of course the fin de siècle saw real women who agitated for greater autonomy in everything from etiquette to employment. While there were some prominent leaders — women like Mona Caird, Lady Jeune, and Sarah Grand — most of the women associated with the new movement lived a much humbler life. Working as clerks, typists, teachers, college students, journalists, or perhaps even shopgirls, they often lived in painfully spartan flats, struggling to earn enough money for genteel gowns and living primarily on bread and tea. They walked without chaperones, carried their own latchkeys, bicycled, and the more daring ones smoked cigarettes, cut their hair, or wore divided skirts and plain costume in accordance with the principles of rational dress.1 These women rarely described themselves as ‘New Women’; that is a modern usage.
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Notes
Evelyn March Phillips, ‘The Working Lady in London’, offers a fascinating account of working women’s struggles to find adequate housing and food (The Fortnightly Review 58 (1892), 193–203).
Ella Hepworth Dixon: The Story of a Modern Woman ( Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1895 );
Netta Syrett: Rose Cottingham, or The Victorians (Chicago: Academy Press, 1978, first edn 1915);
George Gissing: The Odd Women ( London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1911 );
George Gissing ‘Lucas Malet’ (Mary St Leger Kingsley Harrison): Mrs. Lorimer: A Sketch in Black and White (London: Macmillan, 1884).
Cited in Ann Ardis: New Women, New Novels: Feminism and Early Modernism ( New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990 ), 13.
Michelle Elizabeth Tusan, ‘Inventing the New Woman: Print Culture and Identity Politics During the Fin-de-Siecle’ [sic], Victorian Periodicals Review 31:2 (Summer, 1998): 169–83.
Ellen Jordan, ‘The Christening of the New Woman: May 1894’, Victorian Newsletter 63 (Spring 1983): 19–21.
Sarah Grand, ‘The New Aspect of the Woman Question’, North American Review 158 (March 1894): 270.
Eliza Lynn Linton, ‘The Shrieking Sisterhood’, Saturday Review, 12 May 1870: 341–2.
Ouida, ‘The New Woman’, North American Review 158 (May 1894), 611.
David Rubinstein, Before the Suffragettes: Women’s Emancipation in the 1890’s, ( New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986 ), 15–16.
Nina Auerbach: Woman and the Demon: The Life of a Victorian Myth ( Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982 ).
All biographical information in this paragraph comes from Eileen Bigland: The Passionate Victorian ( London: Jarrolds, 1950 );
Yvonne Ffrench: Ouida: A Study in Ostentation, ( London: Cobden-Sanderson, 1938 );
Monica Stirling: The Fine and the Wicked: The Life and Times of Ouida ( London: Victor Gollancz, 1957 ).
W. F. Barry, ‘The Strike of a Sex’, Quarterly Review 179 (July and October 1894 ): 289–318.
Quoted in Ardis 13. Elizabeth Rachel Chapman, Marriage Questions in Modern Fiction ( London: John Lane, 1897 ).
Emma Churchman Hewitt, ‘The “New Woman” in Her Relation to the “New Man”’, Westminster Review 147 (1897): 335–7;
Ellen Gosse, ‘The Tyranny of Woman’, New Review 10 (1894): 615–25;
Janet E. Hogarth, ‘The Monstrous Regiment of Women’, Fortnightly Review 68 (1897): 926–36;
H. E. Harvey, ‘The Voice of Woman’, Westminster Review 145 (1896): 193–6.
Interestingly, Punch could ‘never be quiet’ either; it used almost exactly the same ditty thirty years earlier to make fun of Mary Braddon (11 April 1863, 154).
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© 2002 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
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Schaffer, T. (2002). ‘Nothing But Foolscap and Ink’: Inventing the New Woman. In: Richardson, A., Willis, C. (eds) The New Woman in Fiction and in Fact. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-65603-5_2
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