Abstract
There is evidence of pastoralism and the cultivation of cereals in southwest Egypt from as early as 7000 BC. Settlements grew along the Nile valley, though Upper and Lower Egypt only united around 3100 BC under Pharoah Menes. The subsequent Early Dynastic period was marked by flourishing trade with Sinai, the Levant and as far north as the Black Sea. The astonishing artistic and intellectual developments of the Old Kingdom began during the IVth dynasty (2575-2465 BC), when sun-worship took hold and temples and pyramids, including those at Giza, were constructed. Egypt was governed from the city of Memphis, south of modern Cairo, reaching its height during the Vlth dynasty before losing power to local rulers from around 2200 BC.
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Further reading
CAPMAS, Statistical Year Book, Arab Republic of Egypt
Abdel-Khalek, G., Stabilization and Adjustment in Egypt. 2001
Baker, Raymond William, Islam without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists. 2006
Bradley, John R., Inside Egypt: The Land of The Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution. Revised ed. 2011
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El-Mikawy, Noha and Handoussa, Heba, (eds.) Institutional Reform and Economic Development in Egypt. 2004
Hopwood, D., Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1990. 3rd ed. 1992
Ibrahim, Fouad N. and Ibrahim, Barbara, Egypt: An Economic Geography. 2001
King, J. W., Historical Dictionary of Egypt. 2nd ed. Revised by A. Goldschmidt. 1995
Malek, J. (ed.) Egypt. 1993
Osman, Tarek, Egypt on the Brink: From Nasser to Mubarak. Revised ed. 2011
Raymond, André, Cairo. 2001
Rodenbeck, M., Cairo-the City Victorious. 1998
Rubin, Barry, Islamic Fundamentalism in Egyptian Politics. 2002
Vatikiotis, P. J., History of Modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak. 1991
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Turner, B. (2012). Egypt. In: Turner, B. (eds) The Statesman’s Yearbook. The Statesman’s Yearbook. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-59541-9_211
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-59541-9_211
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