Abstract
The Indonesian archipelago was populated from the north from around 3000 BC. Indian scholars described the Dvipantera civilization of Java and Sumatra as early as 200 BC and Indian-influenced Hindu kingdoms began to appear in the west of the archipelago from the 1st century AD. Small maritime trading settlements evolved into Srivijaya, a Buddhist Malay kingdom centred on southeast Sumatra. The Srivijaya empire controlled trade between India and China through the Melaka strait and by the late 7th century it had expanded to encompass much of Sumatra, the Malay peninsula and western Java. Other Indianized kingdoms developed in central Java, including Mataram (8th-10th centuries) and Mahayana (9th century).
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Further Reading
Central Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia.—Monthly Statistical Bulletin: Economic Indicator.
Cribb, R., Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. 1993.
Cribb, R. and Brown, C., Modern Indonesia: a History since 1945. 1995
Day, Tony, (ed.) Identifying with Freedom: Indonesia after Suharto. 2007
Elson, R. E., Suharto; a Political Biography. 2001
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Forrester, Geoff and May, R. J. (eds.) The Fall of Soeharto. 1999
Friend, Theodore, Indonesian Destinies. 2003
Glassburner, Bruce, (ed.) The Economy of Indonesia: Selected Readings. 2007
Holt, Claire, (ed.) Culture and Politics in Indonesia. 2007
Kingsbury, Damien, The Politics of Indonesia. 2nd ed. 2002
Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200. 4th ed. 2008
Schwarz, Adam, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia’s Search for Stability. Revised ed. 1999
Schwarz, Adam and Paris, Jonathan, (eds.) The Politics of Post-Suharto Indonesia. 1999
Vatikiotis, M. R. J., Indonesian Politics under Suharto: Order, Development and Pressure for Change. 2nd ed. 1994
National Statistical Office: Central Bureau of Statistics, Jl. Dr. Sutomo 6–8, Jakarta, 10710.
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Turner, B. (2010). Indonesia. In: Turner, B. (eds) The Statesman’s Yearbook. The Statesman’s Yearbook. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58635-6_185
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