Abstract
Shortly after the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the US administration depicted the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) as the “most advanced trade deal in the world”. In order to assess the extent to which USMCA genuinely contributes to advance free trade, this article proposes an analysis that builds on the context in which the renegotiation occurred. In light of the political and legal context underlying the renegotiation process, how can differences between NAFTA and USMCA be explained? The article suggests that, despite some notable exceptions, several changes included in USMCA reflect the landscape in which the renegotiation was held and are hardly reconcilable with the consideration of the agreement as the most advanced trade deal. In order to demonstrate this claim, the article proceeds in two steps. First, it sheds light on the political discourse of the negotiating Parties, ongoing trade disputes and recent free trade agreements that all constitute an integral part of the context in which the negotiations occurred. Second, by focusing on the text of USMCA, it demonstrates that several provisions either reflect a bilateral approach that can potentially restrict trade or partially replicate the language of other free trade agreements.
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- 1.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed 17 December 1992, entered into force 1 January 1994.
- 2.
- 3.
Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP), signed 4 February 2016.
- 4.
Withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement, 23 January 2017, Fed Reg Vol 82 No 15, p. 8497.
- 5.
For example, in his remarks that followed the conclusion of USMCA negotiations, President Trump mentioned the following: “I have long contended that NAFTA was perhaps the worst trade deal ever made”. See White House, Remarks by President Trump on the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, 1 October 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/ (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 6.
United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), signed 30 November 2018.
- 7.
USTR, Letter to Congressional Leadership, 18 May 2017, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/NAFTA%20Notification.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 8.
See USTR, Press Release, Opening Statement of USTR Robert Lighthizer at the First Round of NAFTA Renegotiations, 16 August 2017, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2017/august/opening-statement-ustr-robert-0 (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 9.
USTR, Press Release, USTR Statement on Trade Negotiations with Mexico and Canada, 31 August 2018, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/august/ustr-statement-trade-negotiations (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 10.
USTR, Press Release, Joint Statement from United States Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer and Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland, 30 September 2018, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/september/joint-statement-united-states (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 11.
Global Affairs Canada, News Release, Canada Signs New Trade Agreement with United States and Mexico, 30 November 2018, https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2018/11/canada-signs-new-trade-agreement-with-united-states-and-mexico.html (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 12.
USTR, Press Release, USTR Statement on Trade Negotiations with Mexico and Canada, 31 August 2018, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/august/ustr-statement-trade-negotiations (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 13.
White House, Remarks by President Trump on the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, 1 October 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/ (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 14.
- 15.
USTR, Letter to Congressional Leadership, 18 May 2017, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/NAFTA%20Notification.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 16.
Global Affairs Canada, News Release, Trilateral Statement on the Conclusion of NAFTA Round One, 21 August 2017, https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/08/trilateral_statementontheconclusionofnaftaroundone.html (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 17.
Global Affairs Canada, News Release, Trilateral Statement on the Conclusion of NAFTA Round One, 21 August 2017, https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/08/trilateral_statementontheconclusionofnaftaroundone.html (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 18.
- 19.
USTR, Summary of Objectives for the NAFTA Renegotiation, 17 July 2017, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/NAFTAObjectives.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019), p. 2.
- 20.
USTR, Summary of Objectives for the NAFTA Renegotiation, 17 July 2017, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/NAFTAObjectives.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019), p. 3 (emphasis added).
- 21.
USTR, Summary of Objectives for the NAFTA Renegotiation, 17 July 2017, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/NAFTAObjectives.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019), p. 4.
- 22.
USTR, Press Release, Opening Statement of USTR Robert Lighthizer at the First Round of NAFTA Renegotiations, 16 August 2017, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2017/august/opening-statement-ustr-robert-0 (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 23.
Lester and Manak (2018), p. 160.
- 24.
Although the examples provided in this paragraph concern Canada, Mexico’s participation in the negotiation primarily amounted to a reaction to US demands. See Perezcano Diaz (2019), p. 9. For other analyses of the Mexican perspective, see Bergstein and de Bole (2017), p. 8; Ortiz-Mena (2017), p. 24; Crespo (2018), pp. 973–979.
- 25.
Global Affairs Canada, Address by Foreign Affairs Minister on the Modernization of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 14 August 2017, https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/08/address_by_foreignaffairsministeronthemodernizationofthenorthame.html (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 26.
Global Affairs Canada, News Release, Canada Signs New Trade Agreement with United States and Mexico, 30 November 2018, https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2018/11/canada-signs-new-trade-agreement-with-united-states-and-mexico.html (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 27.
19 USC § 1862.
- 28.
Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into the United States (Proclamation 9704), 8 March 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 51, p. 11619, para 7; Adjusting Imports of Steel into the United States (Proclamation 9705), 8 March 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 51, p. 11625, para 8.
- 29.
Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into the United States (Proclamation 9,704), 8 March 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 51, p. 11619, para 9; Adjusting Imports of Steel into the United States (Proclamation 9705), 8 March 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 51, p. 11625, para 10.
- 30.
Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into the United States (Proclamation 9710), 22 March 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 60, p. 13355, paras 4 and 11; Adjusting Imports of Steel into the United States (Proclamation 9711), 22 March 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 60, p. 13361, paras 4 and 11.
- 31.
Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into the United States (Proclamation 9739), 30 April 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 88, p. 20677, para 6; Adjusting Imports of Steel into the United States (Proclamation 9740), 30 April 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 88, p. 20683, para 7.
- 32.
Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into the United States (Proclamation 9704), 8 March 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 51, p. 11619, para 4; Adjusting Imports of Steel into the United States (Proclamation 9705), 8 March 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 51, p. 11625, para 5.
- 33.
- 34.
White House, Remarks by President Trump on the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, 1 October 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/ (last accessed 22 May 2019) (emphasis added).
- 35.
White House, Remarks by President Trump on the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, 1 October 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/ (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 36.
On 17 May 2019, two joint statements were signed by the United States with Canada and Mexico to remove the tariffs and related retaliatory measures. See USTR, Press Release, United States Announces Deal with Canada and Mexico to Lift Retaliatory Tariffs, 17 May 2019, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2019/may/united-states-announces-deal-canada-and (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 37.
US Department of Commerce, Press Release, US Department of Commerce Initiates Section 232 Investigation into Auto Imports, 23 May 2018, https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2018/05/us-department-commerce-initiates-section-232-investigation-auto-imports (last accessed 22 May 2019). See also Galbraith (2018b), p. 756.
- 38.
White House, Remarks by President Trump in Press Gaggle Aboard Air Force One, 7 September 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-press-gaggle-aboard-air-force-one/ (last access 22 May 2019) (emphasis added).
- 39.
White House, Remarks by President Trump on the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, 1 October 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/ (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 40.
White House, Remarks by President Trump on the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, 1 October 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/ (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 41.
Request for Consultations by the United States, Canada–Measures Governing the Sale of Wine in Grocery Stores (Second Complaint), WT/DS531/1, 2 October 2017.
- 42.
Request for Consultations by Canada, United States–Countervailing Measures on Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS533/1, 30 November 2017; Request for Consultations by Canada, United States–Anti-Dumping Measures Applying Differential Pricing Methodology to Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS534/1, 30 November 2017. For the latter, a panel report was circulated on 9 April 2019. See Report of the Panel, United States–Anti-Dumping Measures Applying Differential Pricing Methodology to Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS534/R, 9 April 2019.
- 43.
Request for Consultations by Canada, United States–Certain Systemic Trade Remedies Measures, WT/DS535/1, 10 January 2018.
- 44.
Request for Consultations by Canada, United States–Certain Measures on Steel and Aluminum Products, WT/DS550/1, 6 June 2018; Request for Consultations by Mexico, United States–Certain Measures on Steel and Aluminum Products, WT/DS551/1, 7 June 2018.
- 45.
Request for Consultations by the United States, Canada–Additional Duties on Certain Products from the United States, WT/DS557/1, 19 July 2018; Request for Consultations by the United States, Mexico–Additional Duties on Certain Products from the United States, WT/DS560/1, 19 July 2018. See also Galbraith (2018b), pp. 755–756.
- 46.
Request for Consultations by the United States, Canada–Additional Duties on Certain Products from the United States, WT/DS557/1, 19 July 2018; Request for Consultations by the United States, Mexico–Additional Duties on Certain Products from the United States, WT/DS560/1, 19 July 2018.
- 47.
For information on these disputes see NAFTA Secretariat, Status Report of Panel Proceedings, https://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/Home/Dispute-Settlement/Status-Report-of-Panel-Proceedings (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 48.
Panel Review Numbers USA-CDA-2017-1904-02, USA-CDA-2017-1904-03 and USA-CDA-2018-1904-03.
- 49.
Panel Review Numbers USA-CDA-2018-1904-01, USA-CDA-2018-1904-02, USA-CDA-2018-1904-05 and USA-CDA-2018-1904-06.
- 50.
100- to 150-Seat Large Civil Aircraft from Canada (Determinations), 13 February 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 34, p. 7218; Uncoated Groundwood Paper from Canada (Determinations), 24 September 2018, Fed Reg Vol 83 No 188, p. 48863.
- 51.
Panel Review Number USA-MEX-2018-1904-04.
- 52.
Panel Review Number USA-MEX-2018-1904-01.
- 53.
- 54.
Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement (CETA), signed 30 October 2016, provisionally entered into force 21 September 2017.
- 55.
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), signed 8 March 2018, entered into force 30 December 2018.
- 56.
New EU–Mexico Agreement: The Agreement in Principle, 23 April 2018, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/april/tradoc_156791.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 57.
European Commission, Countries and Regions: Mexico, http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/mexico/ (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 58.
Global Affairs Canada, Address by Foreign Affairs Minister on the Modernization of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 14 August 2017, https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/08/address_by_foreignaffairsministeronthemodernizationofthenorthame.html (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 59.
Global Affairs Canada, Address by Foreign Affairs Minister on the Modernization of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 14 August 2017, https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/08/address_by_foreignaffairsministeronthemodernizationofthenorthame.html (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 60.
Withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement, 23 January 2017, Fed Reg Vol 82 No 15, p. 8497.
- 61.
USITC, US–Mexico–Canada Trade Agreement: Likely Impact on the US Economy and on Specific Industry Sectors, April 2019, https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub4889.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019), pp. 172, 198, 217, 251–252 and 255.
- 62.
For a side-by-side comparison of USMCA, NAFTA and TPP, see Stewart and Stewart, The United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) of 2018, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Text, and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Text Side-by-Side, http://www.stewartlaw.com/PracticeAreas/USMCASidebySide (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 63.
USTR, Summary of Objectives for the NAFTA Renegotiation, 17 July 2017, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/NAFTAObjectives.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019), p. 6. See also Lester and Manak (2018), p. 161; McDaniel (2019), p. 4; Lilly (2019), pp. 15–16.
- 64.
Article 4.3 USMCA; Article 3.3 TPP.
- 65.
Article 4.4 USMCA; Article 3.4 TPP.
- 66.
Article 4.6 USMCA; Article 3.7 TPP.
- 67.
Article 4.7 USMCA; Article 3.8 TPP.
- 68.
Article 4.11 USMCA; Article 3.10 TPP.
- 69.
Articles 4.15-4.16 USMCA; Articles 3.14-3.15 TPP.
- 70.
Article 4.18 USMCA; Article 3.18 TPP.
- 71.
Article 4.10 USMCA specifically refers to the Appendix to Annex 4-B for additional provisions that apply to the automotive goods. Less detailed provisions on the automotive sector are also included in Appendix 1, Annex 3-D TPP.
- 72.
Annex 4-B, Appendix, Article 3(1)(d) USMCA.
- 73.
Annex 4-B, Appendix, Articles 3(2)(d), 3(4)(d) and 3(5)(d) USMCA.
- 74.
Annex 4-B, Appendix, Article 4(1)(c) USMCA.
- 75.
Annex 4-B, Appendix, Articles 4(2)(c) and 4(3)(c) USMCA.
- 76.
Annex 4-B, Appendix, Article 7(1)(d) USMCA.
- 77.
Annex 4-B, Appendix, Article 7(2) USMCA.
- 78.
Some exceptions are nevertheless imposed in Annex 4-A USMCA.
- 79.
Article 405 NAFTA.
- 80.
Article 3.11(1) TPP.
- 81.
USTR, Summary of Objectives for the NAFTA Renegotiation, 17 July 2017, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/NAFTAObjectives.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019), p. 4.
- 82.
Article 3.7 USMCA; Article 706 NAFTA; Article 2.25 TPP.
- 83.
Article 3.5 USMCA; Article 2.24 TPP.
- 84.
Article 3.9 USMCA; Article 2.26 TPP.
- 85.
Articles 3.14-3.15 USMCA; Article 2.27 TPP.
- 86.
Article 3.16 USMCA; Article 2.27(9) TPP.
- 87.
Annex 2-B, Appendix 2, Section B USMCA.
- 88.
Annex 3-A, Articles 3.A.3-3.A.5 USMCA.
- 89.
Annex 3-B paras 5–6 USMCA.
- 90.
Article 19.2(2) USMCA; Article 14.2(2) TPP.
- 91.
Article 19.3 USMCA; Article 14.3 TPP. See also Article 16.3 CETA.
- 92.
Article 19.4 USMCA; Article 14.4 TPP.
- 93.
Article 19.8 USMCA; Article 14.8 TPP. See also Article 16.4 CETA.
- 94.
Article 19.11 USMCA; Article 14.11 TPP.
- 95.
Article 19.12 USMCA; Article 14.13 TPP.
- 96.
Article 19.18(1) USMCA.
- 97.
Article 19.18(2)-(3) USMCA.
- 98.
Articles 14.6(2)(a) and 14.6(4) USMCA; Articles 9.6(2)(a) and 9.6(4) TPP.
- 99.
Article 14.8 and Annex 14-B USMCA; Article 9.8 and Annex 9-B TPP; Article 8.12 and Annex 8-A CETA.
- 100.
Article 14.2 USMCA; Article 9.2 TPP.
- 101.
Article 14.7 USMCA; Article 9.7 TPP.
- 102.
Article 14.9 USMCA; Article 9.9 TPP.
- 103.
Article 14.10 USMCA; Article 9.10 TPP.
- 104.
Article 14.14 USMCA; Article 9.15 TPP.
- 105.
See e.g. Agreement on Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the United Arab Emirates, signed 23 November 2013, Article 2(3).
- 106.
Articles 14.4(4) and 14.5(4) USMCA.
- 107.
See e.g. Agreement between the Slovak Republic and the Islamic Republic of Iran for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, signed 19 January 2016, entered into force 30 August 2017, Article 4(3)-(4). See also Article 9.4 fn 14 TPP.
- 108.
Article 14.16 USMCA; Article 9.16 TPP.
- 109.
Article 8.18(3) CETA.
- 110.
Annex 14-C paras 1 and 3 USMCA.
- 111.
The incorporation of Chapter 9 TPP in CPTPP allows investor-State dispute settlement for investment relationships between Canada and Mexico.
- 112.
Article 14-D.5(1)(b) USMCA.
- 113.
Annex 14-E paras 2(a)(i)(A), 2(b)(i)(A) and 6(b) USMCA.
- 114.
Articles 8.27-8.28 CETA.
- 115.
New EU–Mexico Agreement: The Agreement in Principle, 23 April 2018, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/april/tradoc_156791.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019), p. 11.
- 116.
Article 9.23(11) TPP.
- 117.
USTR, Summary of Objectives for the NAFTA Renegotiation, 17 July 2017, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/NAFTAObjectives.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019), p. 13.
- 118.
For example, see Article 24.7 USMCA (Environmental Impact Assessment); Article 24.11 USMCA (Air Quality); Article 24.12 USMCA (Marine Litter); Article 24.23 USMCA (Sustainable Forest Management and Trade).
- 119.
Article 24.3(2) USMCA; Article 20.3(3) TPP.
- 120.
Article 24.4(1) USMCA; Article 20.3(4) TPP.
- 121.
Article 24.8 USMCA; Article 20.4 TPP.
- 122.
Article 24.9 USMCA; Article 20.5 TPP.
- 123.
Article 24.10 USMCA; Article 20.6 TPP.
- 124.
Article 24.14 USMCA; Article 20.11 TPP.
- 125.
Article 24.15 USMCA; Article 20.13 TPP.
- 126.
Article 24.16 USMCA; Article 20.14 TPP.
- 127.
Article 24.22 USMCA; Article 20.17 TPP.
- 128.
Article 24.24 USMCA; Article 20.18 TPP.
- 129.
Article 24.32 USMCA; Article 20.23 TPP.
- 130.
Chapter 23 USMCA; Chapter 19 TPP.
- 131.
Article 23.2(1) USMCA; Article 19.2(1) TPP.
- 132.
Article 23.3 USMCA; Article 19.3 TPP. Both agreements include a footnote providing that the obligations set out in these articles refer only to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-Up rather than specific ILO conventions.
- 133.
Article 23.4 USMCA; Article 19.4 TPP.
- 134.
Article 23.10 USMCA; Article 19.8 TPP.
- 135.
Articles 23.12-23.13 USMCA; Articles 19.10-19.11 TPP.
- 136.
Article 23.14 USMCA; Article 19.12 TPP.
- 137.
Article 23.15 USMCA; Article 19.13 TPP.
- 138.
Article 23.17(8) USMCA; Article 19.15(12) TPP.
- 139.
Article 19.6 TPP.
- 140.
However, a reference to “migrant workers” is included in Article 23.3(2)(c) CETA.
- 141.
Article 27.2(2) USMCA; Article 26.6(1) TPP.
- 142.
Article 27.3 USMCA; Article 26.7 TPP.
- 143.
Article 27.4 USMCA; Article 26.8 TPP.
- 144.
Article 27.5 USMCA; Article 26.10 TPP.
- 145.
Article 27.6 USMCA; Article 26.9 TPP.
- 146.
Article 2107 NAFTA.
- 147.
Article 32.6(4) USMCA.
- 148.
Articles 24.2(4), 24.17(1), 24.23 and footnote 15 USMCA.
- 149.
Article 20.15 TPP.
- 150.
Agreement to Amend, in Respect of Investment and Trade and Gender, the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Republic of Chile, done at Santiago on 5 December 1996, signed 5 June 2017, entered into force 5 February 2019, Appendix II.
- 151.
Article 22.2 USMCA; Article 17.2 TPP.
- 152.
Article 22.3 USMCA; Article 17.3 TPP.
- 153.
Article 22.4 USMCA; Article 17.4 TPP.
- 154.
Article 22.5 USMCA; Article 17.5 TPP.
- 155.
Article 22.10 USMCA; Article 17.10 TPP.
- 156.
Article 22.6(1)-(3) USMCA.
- 157.
Article 22.6(4)-(7) USMCA; Article 17.6 TPP.
- 158.
Articles 22.7 and 22.8 USMCA; Articles 17.7 and 17.8 TPP.
- 159.
Joint Declaration of the Macroeconomic Policy Authorities of Trans-Pacific Partnership Countries, 5 November 2015.
- 160.
Article 32.10(4) USMCA.
- 161.
USTR, Summary of Objectives for the NAFTA Renegotiation, 17 July 2017, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/NAFTAObjectives.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019), p 14. See also Lester and Manak (2018), p. 166.
- 162.
Article 10.5 USMCA; Article 6.8 TPP.
- 163.
Article 10.10 USMCA; Article 1902 NAFTA.
- 164.
Article 10.11 USMCA; Article 1903 NAFTA.
- 165.
Article 10.12 USMCA; Article 1904 NAFTA.
- 166.
Annexes 10-B.1, 10-B.2, 10-B.3 and 10-B.4 USMCA; Annexes 1901.2, 1903.2, 1904.13 and 1905.6 NAFTA.
- 167.
Chapter 10, Section C USMCA.
- 168.
Article 31.1 USMCA; Article 2003 NAFTA.
- 169.
Article 31.5(1)-(5) USMCA; Article 2007 NAFTA.
- 170.
Article 31.8 USMCA; Article 2009 NAFTA. However, Article 31.8(1) USMCA provides that the roster shall “remain in effect for a minimum of three years or until the Parties constitute a new roster”.
- 171.
Article 31.9 USMCA; Article 2011 NAFTA.
- 172.
Chapter 31, Section B USMCA; Chapter 20, Section C NAFTA.
- 173.
Article 31.2 USMCA; Article 28.3 TPP.
- 174.
Article 31.3 USMCA; Article 28.4 TPP.
- 175.
Article 31.4 USMCA; Article 28.5 TPP.
- 176.
Article 31.5(6)-(9) USMCA; Article 28.6 TPP.
- 177.
Article 31.7 USMCA; Article 28.8 TPP.
- 178.
Article 31.11 USMCA; Article 28.13 TPP.
- 179.
Article 31.13 USMCA; Article 28.12 TPP.
- 180.
Article 31.14 USMCA; Article 28.14 TPP.
- 181.
Article 31.15 USMCA; Article 28.15 TPP.
- 182.
Article 31.6 USMCA; Article 2008 NAFTA; Article 28.7 TPP.
- 183.
Article 31.19 USMCA; Article 2019 NAFTA; Article 28.20 TPP.
- 184.
Article 34.7(2) USMCA.
- 185.
Article 34.7(3) USMCA.
- 186.
USTR, Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States and Canada Text, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/agreement-between (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 187.
Side Letter Text on 232 CA–US Response, 30 November 2018, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/agreements/FTA/USMCA/Text/Side_Letter_Text_on_232_CA-US_Response.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019); MX–US Side Letter on 232, 30 November 2018, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/agreements/FTA/USMCA/Text/MX-US_Side_Letter_on_232.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2018); MX–US Side Letter on 232 Dispute Settlement, 30 November 2018, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/agreements/FTA/USMCA/Text/MX-US_Side_Letter_on_232_Dispute_Settlement.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 188.
CA–US Side Letter on 232 Process, 30 November 2018, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/agreements/FTA/USMCA/Text/CA-US_Side_Letter_on_232_Process.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019); MX–US Side Letter on 232 Process, 30 November 2018, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/agreements/FTA/USMCA/Text/MX-US_Side_Letter_on_232_Process.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 189.
CA–US Side Letter on Wine, 30 November 2018, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/agreements/FTA/USMCA/Text/CA-US_Side_Letter_on_Wine.pdf (last accessed 22 May 2019).
- 190.
Perezcano Diaz (2019), p. 10.
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The author is grateful to the Editors of the European Yearbook of International Economic Law and acknowledges the financial support of the Postdoctoral Fellowship of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
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Marcoux, JM. (2019). The Renegotiation of NAFTA: The “Most Advanced” Free Trade Agreement?. In: Bungenberg, M., Krajewski, M., Tams, C.J., Terhechte, J.P., Ziegler, A.R. (eds) European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2019. European Yearbook of International Economic Law, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/8165_2019_42
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