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Environmental Risks of Synthetic Pyrethroids Used by the Salmon Industry in Chile

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Book cover Pyrethroid Insecticides

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 92))

Abstract

Synthetic pyrethroids such as cypermethrin and deltamethrin have been widely used in Chile to treat sea lice on salmon since 2007. The environmental risks of aquaculture practices are evaluated through the use of several tools such as fugacity-based models for predicting environmental dynamics and the fate of pyrethroids after their release into the marine environment and the determination of pyrethroid occurrence in environmental samples (i.e., water and sediment). For seawater, passive sampling devices (PSDs) are proposed as a good alternative for field monitoring. Finally, by means of ecotoxicological bioassays, the effects of pyrethroids on native biota were assessed. The results show that the application of pyrethroids may trigger some unintended risks to nontarget organisms, particularly copepods, since modeled and observed concentrations in water (dissolved phase) are in the range of fractions of ng L−1, but higher cypermethrin and deltamethrin concentrations in sediment in the range of 1,323 and 1,020 ng g−1, respectively, have been observed. These measured concentrations were in the range of concentrations toxic to native invertebrate species in Chile. We conclude that a stricter process should be followed when pyrethroids, particularly cypermethrin, are recommended for use in combating sea lice in the Chilean salmon farming industry. Risk assessment procedures and the establishment of stricter regulations on matters such as the maximum allowable concentrations around the cages when these pesticides are applied and recommended.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the financial support of FIPA Project No. 2014-42 and the Undersecretariat for Fisheries and Aquaculture (SUBPESCA, Ministry of Economy). The authors also wish to acknowledge CONICYT/FONDECYT projects 1180063 and 3180159, the MUSELS Millennium Nucleus (NC 120086), and CRHIAM, CONICYT/FONDAP project 15130015.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Chile, Puerto Varas, Chile

    Felipe Tucca

  2. Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

    Felipe Tucca

  3. Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA-Chile Centre, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile

    Ricardo Barra

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  1. Felipe Tucca
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  2. Ricardo Barra
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Correspondence to Felipe Tucca or Ricardo Barra .

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  1. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

    Ethel Eljarrat

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Tucca, F., Barra, R. (2020). Environmental Risks of Synthetic Pyrethroids Used by the Salmon Industry in Chile. In: Eljarrat, E. (eds) Pyrethroid Insecticides. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 92. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2019_431

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