Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Land and Groundwater Resources in the Egypt’s Nile Valley, Delta, and Its Fringes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Groundwater in the Nile Delta

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 73))

Abstract

The current Egyptian situation is framed by land and water scarcity, which are under severe pressure. The Nile Delta is one of the most densely populated deltas in the world. Soil and water resources are at the center of sustainable development and are critical for socio-economic development.

Nile Delta branches gain water from the aquifer in some reaches and lose water to the aquifer in other reaches. The flow directions between groundwater and surface water can change seasonally with variations of the water table level with respect to the level in nearby waterways. Available data on the evolution of the salinity of groundwater in the Delta indicate that the construction of the High Aswan dam resulted in a shift of salinity isolines towards the seashore, and that current pumping rates have not yet critically affected this balance. Possible localized over-pumping, however, results in “up-coning” of salinity from deeper layers. Contamination of groundwater by agriculture and more prominently by seepage from domestic and industrial effluents had already attained worrying levels. This may jeopardize the quality of the Nile Delta aquifer in the end. The increasing use of groundwater for irrigation poses a serious threat to food security and could lead to unaffordable prices of staple foods. Therefore, groundwater overuse rising could hit food prices. Aquifer depletion can induce significant environmental degradation, such as land subsidence and seawater intrusion. The amount of non-renewable groundwater used for irrigation was doubled in Nile Valley and Delta. The annual groundwater abstraction in the Nile aquifer system and fringes is about 4.6 billion m3. Another 0.5 billion m3 is abstracted from the desert aquifers and the coastal areas. Groundwater abstraction is expected to increase to 11.4 billion m3. Model output revealed that groundwater recharge has not changed significantly over time, while pumping has. Because of these trends, groundwater was estimated to be in a deficit of approximately 24 billion m3 (±15%) in year 2011, compared to year 1957.

Most of the Nile Delta soils are recent alluvial soils. The soils generally have a light to heavy clay texture. The clay content varies from 40% in the south to nearly 70% in the north. The soils located near the north coast and lakes are of marine and alluvial deposits. Close to the desert fringe on both sides of the Delta occurs the desert sandy plains, which are flat to undulating topography. The soils of the coastal plains and beaches are sandy with some low to medium longitudinal sand dunes. The salinity problem becomes more severe in the Delta as we approach the seacoast and lakes, due to the effect of the shallow, saline groundwater and the brackish water intrusion from the sea and lake. The old and young terraces of both western and eastern sides of the Nile Delta are of alluvial origin and non-uniform in nature. Most of the soils are originated from the ancient Nile sediments, which are mostly derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Abyssinian Plateau. The soils are alluvial deposits of the Nile Delta (Qatabeya) and valley (Qena), swamps and fluviomarine-lacustrine deposits (El-Manzala), beach sands (Edku). The old alluvial soil is more developed than other soils.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. CAPMAS (2016) Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. http://www.capmasgoveg/

  2. Tamburelli P, Thill O (2013) The Nile metropolitan area. Berlage-Institute, TU Delft

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kantoush SA (2013) The downstream impacts of Ethiopia’s Cascade dams in the upper Blue Nile on Egypt. Proceedings of regional sustainable building conference SB13 Cairo Fairmont Towers Hotel Cairo, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  4. El-Din MMN (2013) Climate change risk Management in Egypt proposed climate change adaptation strategy for the Ministry of Water Resources & Irrigation in Egypt. UNESCO Office, Cairo

    Google Scholar 

  5. CAPMAS (2012) Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. http://www.capmasgoveg/

  6. Wahaab R, Badawy M (2004) Water quality assessment of the River Nile system: an overview. Biomed Environ Sci 17:87–100

    Google Scholar 

  7. Elnashar W (2014) Groundwater management in Egypt. IOSR J Mech Civil Eng (IOSR-JMCE) 11(4):69–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. El Arabi N (2012) Environmental management of groundwater in Egypt via artificial recharge extending the practice to soil aquifer treatment (SAT). Int J Environ Sustain 1(3):66–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Said R (1993) The River Nile; geology, hydrology and utilization. Pergamon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hozaien S (1991) Egyptian civilization. Dar Al Shorouk ISBN: 9770900252

    Google Scholar 

  11. Awad M (1998) The Nile River. Egyptian General Book Authority

    Google Scholar 

  12. Beaumont P, Blake G, Wagstaff J (1988) The Middle East: a geographical study. David Fulton, London

    Google Scholar 

  13. Elarabawy M, Attia B, Tosswell P (2000) Integrated water resources management for Egypt. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 49:111–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lonergan S, Wolf A (2001) Moving water to move people. Water Int 26:589–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Harms JC, Wray JL (1990) Nile Delta. In: Said R (ed) The geology of Egypt. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam & Brookfield, Vermont, pp 329–343

    Google Scholar 

  16. Toussoum O (1922) Memire sur les annciennes branches du Nil. Imprimeric d’Instit Francais Epoque ancienne TIVD’archeologie Orientale cairo

    Google Scholar 

  17. Shahin AAW (1978) Some of the geological phenomena in the Nile Delta. Arab Geogr Mag (11):9–26

    Google Scholar 

  18. Stanley DJ, Warne AG (1993) Nile delta: recent geological evolution and human impact. Sci Technol 260:628–634

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hamdan G (1984) The personality of Egypt. Dar Al Hilal

    Google Scholar 

  20. RIGW (1992) Groundwater resources and projection of groundwater development. Water Security Project, (WSP), Cairo

    Google Scholar 

  21. Morsy WS (2009) Environmental management to groundwater resources for Nile Delta region. PhD thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  22. Aquastat (2013) FAO http://www.FAO.org/nr/water/aquastat/irrigationmap/egy/index

  23. Al-Agha DE, Closas A, Molle F (2015) Survey of groundwater use in the central part of the Nile Delta. Water and salt management in the Nile Delta: Report No 6

    Google Scholar 

  24. RIGW (2003) Impacts of future surface water development on groundwater aquifer system in the West Nile Delta Region, Cairo

    Google Scholar 

  25. MWRI (2005) National Water Resources Plan for Egypt 2017. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sherif M (1999) The Nile Delta aquifer in Egypt. Chapter 17 in seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, concepts methods and practices. In: Bear J, Cheng A, Sorek S, Ouazar D, Herrera A (eds) Theory and application of transport in porous media, vol 14. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 559–590

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Sefelnasr A, Sherif M (2013) Impacts of seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt. Ground Water 52(2):264–276. National Groundwater Association

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. MWRI (2012) Strategy of water resources of Egypt till 2050. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

    Google Scholar 

  29. FAO (2013) Monitoring of climate change risk impacts of sea level rise on groundwater and agriculture in the Nile Delta

    Google Scholar 

  30. Zaghloul MG (1985) Flow distribution through groundwater aquifer of the Nile Delta. MSc thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  31. Amer A, Sherif M (1996) An integrated study for seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta aquifer. WRSR publication series no 14, NWRC, MWRI, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  32. Diab MS, Dahab K, El Fakharany M (1997) Impacts of the paleohydrological conditions on the groundwater quality in the northern part of Nile Delta. The geological society of Egypt. J Geol 4112B:779–795. Cairo

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fadlelmawla A, Dawoud MA (2006) Protection areas at the Nile Delta. Egypt J Environ Manage 79(2):140–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Saleh MF (1980) Some hydrogeological and Hydrochemical studies on the Nile Delta. MSc thesis, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University

    Google Scholar 

  35. Mabrouk MB, Jonoski A, Solomatine D, Uhlenbrook S (2013) A review of seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta groundwater system – the basis for assessing impacts due to climate changes and water resources development

    Google Scholar 

  36. Abd El-Fattah EM (2014) Evaluation of the environmental and chemical impacts of banana plantation on the groundwater aquifer in the southern part of nile delta and its vicinities. PhD thesis in Environmental Science University of Sadat City, Egypt, 190 p

    Google Scholar 

  37. Abu Al-Izz MS (1971) Land forms of Egypt. The American University in Cairo press, Dar Al Maaref, Cairo, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  38. Attia MI (1954) Deposits in the Nile Valley and the Delta Mines and Quarrie Department. Geological Survey, Egypt, Cairo, p 356

    Google Scholar 

  39. Farid MSM (1980) Nile Delta groundwater study. MSc thesis, Cairo University

    Google Scholar 

  40. RIGW/IWACO (1990) Hydrogeological inventory and groundwater development plan, Western Nile Delta Region. Main Report, vol 4, Technical Note 7701300–90-02RIGW, 64 p

    Google Scholar 

  41. Abu-Zied M, Abdel-Dayem G (1991) Sail load in irrigation and drainage water in the Nile Delta. In: African Regional Symposium on techniques for environmentally sound water resources development

    Google Scholar 

  42. Fattah M, Ragab E (2014) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in the southern part of Nile Delta, Egypt. Stand Sci Res Essays 2(13):725–738

    Google Scholar 

  43. Mohamed MAE (2002) Study of groundwater development in the Western Delta by using the remote sensing and GIS. Msc thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  44. Khater A, Fadlelmawla A, Fekry A (2002) Assessment of groundwater quality in El Sadat City and proposed action for groundwater protection. Proceedings of the III international symposium on environmental hydrology American Society of Civil Engineering & Egyptian Society of Irrigation Engineering, Cairo, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  45. Abd el Salam M (2004) Remedial solutions for the impacts of the existing groundwater development plan in Western Nile Delta. Second regional conference on Arab Water, action plans for integrated development

    Google Scholar 

  46. El Fakharany ZMA (2002) Management of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater. Msc thesis, Helwan Univerisity, Faculty of Engineering, Mataria, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  47. Darweesh WMK (2001) Optimal management of underground water in west delta zone. PhD thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University

    Google Scholar 

  48. El-Beshri MZ, Labadie JW (1994) Optimal conjunctive use of surface and ground water resources in Egypt. International water resources association VIII IWRA world congress on water resources, Cairo, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  49. Dawoud M, Darwish M, El-Kady M (2005) GIS-based groundwater management model for western Nile Delta. Water Resour Manag 19:585–604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Molle F, Rap E, Ezzat Al-Agha D, Ismail A, Abou El Hassan W, Freeg M (2015) Irrigation improvement projects in the Nile Delta: promises, challenges, surprises. Water and salt management in the Nile Delta project report no 4 IWMI, WMRI, Cairo

    Google Scholar 

  51. Mohamed RF, Hua CZ (2010) Regional groundwater flow modeling in Western Nile Delta, Egypt. World Rural Observ 2(2):37–42

    Google Scholar 

  52. Switzman H, Coulibaly P, Zafar A (2015) Modeling the impacts of dryland agricultural reclamation on groundwater resources in Northern Egypt using sparse data. J Hydrol 520:420–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Samak SAMA (2007) Groundwater management in delta. Msc thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  54. Todd DK, Mays LW (2005) Groundwater hydrology. 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, NY, pp 589–606

    Google Scholar 

  55. Atta SA (1979) Studies on the groundwater properties of the Nile Delta, Egypt. MSc, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo

    Google Scholar 

  56. Farid MSM (1985) Management of groundwater systems in the Nile Delta. PhD thesis, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  57. Sherif M, Sefelnasr A, Javadi A (2012) Incorporating the concept of equivalent freshwater head in successive horizontal simulations of seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta aquifer, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  58. Leaven MT (1991) Hydrogeological study of the Nile Delta and adjacent desert areas, Egypt, with emphasis on hydrochemistry and isotope hydrology. MSc thesis, Free University, Amsterdam also published by RIGW/IWACO as technical note TN 7701300-91-01

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ebraheem AM, Senosy MM, Dahab KA (1997) Geoelectrical and hydrogeochemical studies for delineating ground-water contamination due to salt-water intrusion in the northern part of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Ground Water 35(2):216–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sakr SA, Attia FA, Millette JA (2004) Vulnerability of the Nile Delta aquifer of Egypt to seawater intrusion. International conference on water resources of arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, Issues and challenges, Gaborone, Botswana

    Google Scholar 

  61. Sharaky M, Atta SA, El Hassanein AS, Khallaf KMA (2007) Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in the Western Nile Delta aquifers, Egypt. 2nd international conference on the geology of Tethys, Cairo University

    Google Scholar 

  62. Masoud A (2014) Groundwater quality assessment of the shallow aquifers west of the Nile Delta (Egypt) using multivariate statistical and geostatistical techniques. J Afr Earth Sci 95:123–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ghoraba SM, Zyedan BA, Rashwan MH (2013) Solute transport modeling of the groundwater for quaternary aquifer quality Management in Middle Delta, Egypt. Alex Eng J 52:197–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Salem MG, El-Awady MH, Amin E (2012) Enhanced removal of dissolved iron and manganese from nonconventional water resources in Delta District. Egypt Energ Procedia 18:983–993

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hussien MM (2007) Environmental impacts of new settlements on the ground water in a region in Delta. Msc thesis, Zagazig University, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  66. Ghanem AHM, Zaghloul AS, El-Ayouti S (2011) Groundwater lowering in multi-layer aquifer systems: case study of Esna City – Egypt. A paper presented at the 64th CWRA National Conference, “Our Water – Our Life – The Most Valuable Resource,” in St John’s NL Canada, June, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  67. El-Fakharany Z, Fekry F (2014) Assessment of New Esna barrage impacts on groundwater and proposed measures. Water Sci 28(1):65–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Faid AM (2003) Interpretation of goelectrical data to identify aquefers and pale-channel of river Nile in Esna area, upper Egypt. Sci J Fac Sci Minufiya Univ XMI:89–118

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ismail A, Anderson N, Rogers D (2005) Hydrogeophysical investigation at Luxor, Southern Egypt. J Environ Eng Geophys 10(1):35–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Selim S (2009) Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater at the area between Wadi Qena and Wadi El-Mathula, Upper Egypt. Sci J Fac Sci Min ujia Univ XXIII(2):81–101

    Google Scholar 

  71. Abdalla F, Ahmed A, Omer A (2009) Degradation of groundwater quality of quaternary aquifer at Qena, Egypt. J Environ Stud 1:19–32

    Google Scholar 

  72. Esam I, Abdalla F, Erich N, Hermann M (2012) Comparison of the groundwater quality in the West Tahta Area, Upper Egypt in 1989 and 2011. J Environ Prot 03:1442–1457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. El Tahlawi M, Abo-El Kassem M, Baghdadi G, Saleem H (2016) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability – a case study. Int J Adv Rem Sens GIS 5(2):1561–1579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Waleed SS, Abd El-Monaim AE, Mansour MM, El-Karamany MF (2009) Evaluation of groundwater aquifer in the area between El-Qusiya and Manfalut using vertical electric soundings (ves) technique. J Eng Sci Assiut Univ 37(5):1193–1207

    Google Scholar 

  75. Salem A (2015) Hydrogeological studies on the shallow aquifers in the area West Samalot, El-Minia Governorate, Egypt. Egypt J Pure Appl Sci 53(4):49–60

    Google Scholar 

  76. Gedamy Y, El-Aassar A, Abdel-Gawad A (2012) Pollutants detection in water resources at El Saff Area and their impact on human health, Giza Governorate, Egypt. Int J Environ 1(1):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  77. FAO (1965) Simplified map of the desert fringes of the Nile Valley and Delta. High Dam Soil Survey Project Ministry of Agricultuie

    Google Scholar 

  78. El-Nahal MA, Abd El-Aal RM, Aid El-Wahed AA, Raafat I (1977) Soil studios on the Nile Delta. Egypt J Soil Sci 17(1):55–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Rahim SI (2006) Compilation of a soil and terrain data base of the Nile Delta at Scale 1:100000. J Appl Sci Res 2(44):226–231

    Google Scholar 

  80. Ghabbour TK (1988) Soil salinity mapping and monitoring using remote sensing and a geographical information system (some applications in Egypt. PhD thesis, Fac of Sciences, State Univ of Ghent

    Google Scholar 

  81. Abu El-Einane SM (1985) Pedogenesis of the Fayoum area PhD thesis, Fac of Agric, Al-Azhar Univ, Cairo, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  82. Khater EA (1973) Pedological studies on Fayoum Governorate, A.R.E. MSc thesis, Fac of Agric, Cairo Univ, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  83. Abdel-Hady MA, El-Kassas IA, Ayob AS (1982) Automatic classification of lake Qarun water by digital processing of land sat Mss data. In: Proceeding of the international symposium of remote sensing of environment first thematic conference: remote sensing of arid and semi-arid lands, Cairo, Egypt, pp 1143–1165

    Google Scholar 

  84. Abd El-Aal TS (1984) Pedological and physical studies on some soil of the expansion areas in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. MSc thesis, Fac Of Agric, Cairo Univ, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  85. Shendi MM (1984) Pedological studies on soils adjacent to Qarun lake – Fayoum Governorate – EGYPT. MSc thesis, Cairo Univ, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  86. El-Naggar MA (2004) Land Evaluation of some soils in Arab Republic of Egypt. PhD thesis, Fac of Agric, Moshtohor, Zagazig University, Banha Branch

    Google Scholar 

  87. Harun MRO (2004) Soil evaluation systems as a guide to identify an economical feasibility study for agricultural purposes in El-Fayoum Governorate. PhD thesis, Fac of Agric Cairo University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  88. Hamdy H (1982) Soil map of Egypt. Final report academy of scientific research and Technology – ASRT, Cairo, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hammad MA (2011) Soil association map of Egypt. Updated legend The Soil Survey Institute Wageningen the Netherland & Digitized by AAAbdel-Ghany SWR ARC Giza Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  90. Said R (1962) The geology of Egypt. El-Sevier Publishing Company, Amesterdam, NY

    Google Scholar 

  91. Abu EI Einane SM (1977) Pedology and geomorphology relationship in EI Fayoum governorate. MSc thesis, Fac of Agric, AI Azhar Univ

    Google Scholar 

  92. Abd El-Aal TS (1990) Cyclic formation of soil on different geomorphic features of Fayoum area. Egypt. PhD thesis, Faculty of Agriculture at Fayoum, Cairo University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  93. Hanna FS, Labib FB (1977) The soils of the Fayoum depression. Egypt J Soil Sci 17(1):33–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kassem YS, Elwan AA (1980) Origin and uniformity of the soils adjacent to Qarun lake, Fayoum Governorate. Egyptian J Soil Sci 20(1):57–63

    Google Scholar 

  95. Shendi MM (1990) Some mineralogical aspects of soil sediments with special reference to both lithology and environmental conditions of formation in Fayoum area, Egypt. PhD thesis, Facof Agricat El-Fayoum, Cairo University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  96. USDA (2010) Keys to soil taxonomy. United State Department of agriculture: natural resources conservation service (NRCS), 3rd edn

    Google Scholar 

  97. Awadalla AA (1998) Studies on the main soil pedogenic aspects in El-Fayoum depression as related to the dominant soil formation processes. PhD thesis, Fac of Agric at Fayoum, Cairo University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  98. Abu Zeid M (1987) Environmental impact assessment for Aswan High Dam. In: Biswas AK, Geping Q (eds) Environmental impact assessment for developing countries, London, pp 168–190

    Google Scholar 

  99. El-Shabrawy MG (2009) Lake Nasser–Nubia. In: Dumont HJ (ed) The Nile: origin, environments, limnology and human use, © Springer Science + Business Media BV

    Google Scholar 

  100. Reda M (1978) Some pedological features in some arid soils of Egypt. PhD Fac Agric Al-Azhar Univ

    Google Scholar 

  101. DRS and LERI (1999) Land resources South Valley and Toshka South Valley and Toshka. Desert Research Center and Land and Environment Research Institute. Encyclopedia Volume II

    Google Scholar 

  102. Saleh I (1998) Project Toshka, Human – Investment – Development. Family Library

    Google Scholar 

  103. Abdel-Salam AM, El-Kadi HA, Reda M (1974) Soils of wadi kalabsha (Lake Nasser region). The Regional Planning of Aswan and the Desert Institute

    Google Scholar 

  104. Wahab MA, Hanan FS, Hady F, Abdel Samie AG, Hamdi H (1972) Studies on the formation of some soils in the Nile Valley. Egypt J Soil Sci 12(1):31–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Sawy S, Magd MH, Hanna F, Abd El-Hady AA (1990) Physiography and soil map of the eastern area of the River Nile at Qena governorate, Egypt. Egypt J Soil Sci 30(3):457–479

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Faragallah MA, Essa MA (2011) Sand and clay mineralogical composition in relation to origin, sedimentation regime, uniformity and weathering rate of Nile terrace soils at Assiut, Egypt. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 5(10):239–256

    Google Scholar 

  107. Boctor S, Abo Gelayel AMA, Yaeoub EW, Ibrahim AM (1979) The soil classification of Kalubiah governorate, Egypt. Agric Reach Rev 57(5):147–163

    Google Scholar 

  108. Mousa AM, Naguib BH, Khalil MA (2000) Soil development studies of some zones of encroachment between the Nile Delta and the desert in Qalubeya governorate. J Agric Sci Mansoura Univ 25(10):6567–6583

    Google Scholar 

  109. Morsi MA (2003) Pedological studies on the soil located in the eastern and western sides of the Nile Delta. PhD thesis, Fac of Agric, Zagazic Univ (Benha Branch), Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  110. Amira MS (1996) Pedological, mineralogical studies and evaluation of sub-deltaic soils in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Minufiya I Agric Res 21(1):237–253

    Google Scholar 

  111. Noaman KI (1989) Origin, mode of formation and uniformity of soil terraces on both sides of Ismailiya canal, east Delta, Egypt. Egypt J Soil Sci 29(2):121–131

    Google Scholar 

  112. Khail JB, Noman KI (1980) Mineralogical studies on the sand fraction of the river terraces, and its relation to soil genesis, in the eastern part of the Nile Delta. ARE Desert Instil Bull 30(1):81–97

    Google Scholar 

  113. Gobran OA, Abou Agwa FE, Shehata RB (1992) Morphology, physical and chemical changes associated with physiographic units of selected soils in Egypt. Egypt J Soil Sci 32(2):265–286

    Google Scholar 

  114. FAO (1963) The semidetaile soil survey. High Dam Soil Survey, UAR 111 (Report, 16)

    Google Scholar 

  115. Hagag AA (2005) Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction, in relation to lithology, topography and depositional environments in the northern coastal zone of the Nile Delta. Zagazig JAgric Res 32(1):125–142

    Google Scholar 

  116. Khater E, Mansour A (1985) Texture characterisics and mineral composition the main soil sediments in the northern part of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Bull Fac Agric Univ Cairo 36(1):467–474

    Google Scholar 

  117. Elmaaz EIM (2005) Pedological and mineralogical on soils adjacent to some lacks at the north of Egypt. PhD thesis, Fac of Agric, Minufiya Univ, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  118. Abu-Agwa FE, Amira MS (1998) Characteristics and evaluation of soils adjacent to salty lakes in Egypt. Minufiya Agric Res 23(4):111–1128

    Google Scholar 

  119. Kandil MF, Hanna F, Abd El-Aal SI (1980) Diagnostic features of Egyptian salt affected soils in the Nile Delta. Agric Reach Rev 58(4):115–133

    Google Scholar 

  120. Kandil MF, Hanna F, Abd El-Aal SI (1980) Sources and natures of the salinity and alkalinity in the salt affected soils of the northern part of Nile Delta, Egypt. Agric Reach Rev 58(4):99–114

    Google Scholar 

  121. Abo El-Ennan SM, Salem MZ, MM EL-B (1990) Genesis of the clay minerals of some soils in the Nile Delta, A.R.E. Egypt. Soil Sci 30(3):445–456

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt

    El-Sayed Ewis Omran

Authors
  1. El-Sayed Ewis Omran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to El-Sayed Ewis Omran .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Abdelazim M. Negm

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Omran, ES.E. (2017). Land and Groundwater Resources in the Egypt’s Nile Valley, Delta, and Its Fringes. In: Negm, A. (eds) Groundwater in the Nile Delta . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 73. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_64

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation