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New Design Criteria for Subsurface Drainage System Considering Heat Flow Within Soil

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Unconventional Water Resources and Agriculture in Egypt

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 75))

Abstract

Land drainage is defined as the removal of excess surface and subsurface water from the soil. The drainage design criteria are classified into agricultural, technical, environmental, and economic design criteria. Traditional drainage design formulae, though easy to implement, do not take into account the various soil properties, heat flow within porous media (soil), and its impact on evaporation rate, root water uptake, and design process. Therefore, the effect of the evaporation and root water uptake on the water table drawdown and consequently on the lateral drain spacing should be considered. Finite element models utilized to simulate water and heat flow in variably saturated soil under unsteady-state condition. The finite element models were linked together with coupling terms to be exploited as one model.

Four case studies were applied on clay, clay loam, sandy clay loam, and loamy sand soils cultivated with maize crop. The results of the applied case studies demonstrated that considering evaporation and root water uptake in the design process results in wider lateral drain spacing which leads to a more economical drainage system. It was proven that the percentage increase in lateral drain spacing varies between 22.4 and 50% regarding to soil type.

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Abbreviations

θ :

Volumetric water content (L3 L−3)

θ s :

Saturated soil water content (L3 L−3)

θ r :

Residual water content (L3 L−3)

θ w :

Volumetric fraction of liquid phase (L3 L−3)

Ω:

Flow domain

γ :

Volumetric weight of water (ML−2 T−2)

α :

Coefficient in the soil water retention function (L−1)

α K * :

Temperature scaling factor for the hydraulic conductivity (−)

φ :

Piezometric head

φ 1 :

Piezometric head at soil column entrance

φ 2 :

Piezometric head at soil column exit

φ1–φ2:

Energy loss (L)

λ :

Average thermal conductivity (ML/T3 °C)

λij (θ):

Apparent thermal conductivity of the porous media (ML/T3 °C)

A :

Cross-sectional area (L2)

b1, b2, b3:

Empirical parameters to calculate thermal conductivity (−)

C (θ):

Volumetric heat capacities of the porous medium (M/LT2 °C)

CaCo3:

Calcium carbonate

C n :

Volumetric heat capacity solid phase (M/LT2 °C)

C o :

Volumetric heat capacity organic matter (M/LT2 °C)

C w :

Volumetric heat capacities liquid phase (M/LT2 °C)

DEM:

Digital elevation model

DRI:

Drainage Research Institute

E :

Maximum potential evaporation rate (LT−1)

E(t):

Potential evaporation rate function of time (LT−1)

ET:

Evapotranspiration rate (LT−1)

h :

Pressure head (L)

h 0 :

Initial pressure head (L)

HPA:

Haress pilot area

ICID:

International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage

ILRI:

International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement

K :

Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (LT−1)

K ij A :

Components of an anisotropy tensor

K s :

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (LT−1)

L :

Darcy’s soil column length (L)

n :

Exponent in soil water retention function (−)

NWRC:

National Water Research Center

OM:

Organic matter

p :

Pressure (ML−1 T−2)

q :

Darcian fluid flux (LT−1)

Q :

Volume of water per unit time (L3/T)

S :

Sink term (L3 L−3 T−1)

T :

Temperature degree (°C)

t :

Time (T)

t 0 :

Initial time

T i :

Prescribed initial temperature (°C)

T p :

Potential transpiration (LT−1)

z :

Gravitational head

ZPA:

Zankalon pilot area

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Acknowledgment

I wish to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Osama Waheed El-Din, Professor Emeritus, Water Structures Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University for his significant review and constructive comments and are gratefully acknowledged and sincerely appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Drainage Research Institute (DRI), National Water Research Centre (NWRC), Delta Barrages, Cairo, Egypt

    Mahmoud A. M. Abdelrahman

Authors
  1. Mahmoud A. M. Abdelrahman
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mahmoud A. M. Abdelrahman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Abdelazim M. Negm

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Abdelrahman, M.A.M. (2018). New Design Criteria for Subsurface Drainage System Considering Heat Flow Within Soil. In: Negm, A. (eds) Unconventional Water Resources and Agriculture in Egypt. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 75. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_222

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