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A Novel Virtue in Stem Cell Research: Exosomes and Their Role in Differentiation

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Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 5

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((CBTMED,volume 1144))

Abstract

In the past decade a number of different stem cell types have entered the clinical applications increasingly as a therapeutic option, due to their tissue maintenance capacity at the site where they localize. Although it was initially thought that conferral of resilience to damaged tissue largely depends on the stem cells themselves through orchestration of signaling among the local epithelial and immune systems at the injury site, recent findings point out that the remarkable regenerative capacity of stem cells is rather due to their nanovesicular products that emerge as the new active players of tissue repair processes. Among these extracellular vesicles exosomes generated particularly by stem cells have been receiving a substantial interest both in the fields of stem cell biology and extracellular vesicles. In this chapter fundamental facts about stem cell biology, biogenesis of extracellular vesicles and exosomes, their structure, and function are summarized. Moreover, properties of both tumor-derived exosomes as well as those derived from stem cells are discussed relatively in-depth in terms of their influence on proximal and distal tissue physiology. Last but not the least, among countless studies in an exploding field, we summarize those that attempt to unravel the complex signaling networks through which stem cell-derived exosomes alter the fate of differentiating stem cells as well as the molecular make-up of exosomes released from differentiating stem cells by conducting thorough proteomic and genomic analyses with the ultimate goal of identifying effector gene products mediating exosomal cues in stem cell biology.

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Abbreviations

Alix:

Apoptosis-linked gene 2–interacting protein X

ASCs:

Adult Stem Cells

BMSCs:

Bone marrow stem cells

DCs:

Dendritic cells

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

ESCs:

Embryonic stem cells

EVs:

Extracellular vesicles

HMSCs:

Human marrow stromal cells

HSCs:

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

HSP:

Heat-shock proteins

ILVs:

Intraluminal vesicles

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

miRNA:

MicroRNA

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

MVB:

Multi-vesicular bodies

Runx2:

Runt-related transcription factor 2

TEX:

Tumor-derived exosomes

TLR:

Toll-like receptors

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Hüseyin Abdik, Ezgi Avsar Abdik, Pakize Neslihan Taşlı & Fikrettin Şahin

  2. Health Institutes of Turkey, Turkish Cancer Institute, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ayşen Aslı Hızlı Deniz

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  1. Hüseyin Abdik
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  2. Ezgi Avsar Abdik
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  3. Ayşen Aslı Hızlı Deniz
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  4. Pakize Neslihan Taşlı
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  5. Fikrettin Şahin
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Correspondence to Hüseyin Abdik .

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  1. (Retired), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Kursad Turksen

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Abdik, H., Avsar Abdik, E., Hızlı Deniz, A.A., Taşlı, P.N., Şahin, F. (2019). A Novel Virtue in Stem Cell Research: Exosomes and Their Role in Differentiation. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 5. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1144. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_339

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