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A Comprehensive Review of Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration in Osteoarthritis

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Book cover Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 2

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((CBTMED,volume 1089))

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age related joint disease associated with degeneration and loss of articular cartilage. Consequently, OA patients suffer from chronic joint pain and disability. Weight bearing joints and joints that undergo repetitive stress and excessive ‘wear and tear’ are particularly prone to developing OA. Cartilage has a poor regenerative capacity and current pharmacological agents only provide symptomatic pain relief. OA patients that respond poorly to conventional therapies are ultimately treated with surgical procedures to promote cartilage repair by implantation of artificial joint structures (arthroplasty) or total joint replacement (TJR). In the last two decades, stem cells derived from various tissues with varying differentiation and tissue regeneration potential have been used for the treatment of OA either alone or in combination with natural or synthetic scaffolds to aid cartilage repair. Although stem cells can be differentiated into chondrocytes in vitro or aid cartilage regeneration in vivo, their potential for OA management remains limited as cartilage regenerated by stem cells fails to fully recapitulate the structural and biomechanical properties of the native tissue. Efficient tissue regeneration remains elusive despite the simple design of cartilage, which unlike most other tissues is avascular and aneural, consisting of a single cell type. In this article, we have comprehensively reviewed the types of stem cells that have been proposed or tested for the management of OA, their potential efficacy as well as their limitations. We also touch on the role of biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering and examine the prospects for their use in cell-based therapies.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two dimensional

3D:

Three dimensional

ACI:

Autologous chondrocyte implantation

ACT:

Autologous chondrocyte transplantation

BM:

Bone marrow

BMAC:

Bone marrow aspirate concentrate

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

CD:

Cluster of Differentiation

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CP:

Cartilage pellet

EBs:

Embryoid bodies

ESCs:

Embryonic stem cells

FDA:

Food and drug administration

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

HSCs:

Haematopoietic stem cells

iPSCs:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

ISCT:

International Society for Cellular Therapy

MMP-13:

Matrix metallo-proteinase-13

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NSAID:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

OA:

Osteoarthritis

PRP:

Platelet rich plasma

SF:

Synovial Fluid

SNRIs:

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

TKA:

Total knee arthroplasty

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the “Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells” and the stem cell laboratory facility at CEGMR and King Abdulaziz University Hospital.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Competing Interests and Disclosures

The authors declare no competing interests.

Author’s Contributions

G. Kalamegam and A. Memic were involved in intellectual contribution and manuscript writing. MA and EB were involved in intellectual contribution and editing of the manuscript. A. Mobasheri contributed to the synthesis and editing of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Gauthaman Kalamegam

  2. Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Gauthaman Kalamegam, Mohammed Abbas & Ali Mobasheri

  3. Center of Nanotechnology, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Adnan Memic

  4. Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    Emma Budd & Ali Mobasheri

  5. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed Abbas

  6. Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK

    Ali Mobasheri

  7. Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Ali Mobasheri

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  1. Gauthaman Kalamegam
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  2. Adnan Memic
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  3. Emma Budd
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  4. Mohammed Abbas
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  5. Ali Mobasheri
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Mobasheri .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Osgoode, ON, Canada

    Kursad Turksen

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Kalamegam, G., Memic, A., Budd, E., Abbas, M., Mobasheri, A. (2018). A Comprehensive Review of Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration in Osteoarthritis. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 2. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1089. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2018_205

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