Multiple Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xvi

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2. Individual Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

   • William B. Kannel

   Pages 1-12

3. The Lipid Hypothesis: Is it the Only Cause of Atherosclerosis?

   • William P. Castelli

   Pages 13-18

4. Life Styles and Life Style Related Major Risk Factors: Their Combined Impact in Producing Epidemic Cardiovascular Disease, and the Potential for Prevention

   • J. Stamler, J. D. Neaton, D. Wentworth, J. Shih, A. Dyer, R. B. Shekelle et al.

   Pages 19-25

5. The Role of Genetics as a Risk Factor in Cardiovascular Disease

   • A. G. Motulsky

   Pages 27-29

6. Multiple Risk Factors in an Italian Population in the 1980s: The Gubbio Study

   • M. Laurenzi, R. Stamler, M. Mancini, M. Cirillo, M. Trevisan, E. Farinaro et al.

   Pages 31-37

7. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Older Individuals

   • G. Crepaldi, S. Maggi, G. Baggio

   Pages 39-48

8. Retardation and Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis: Fact or Fiction?

   • Steven E. Reis, Sidney O. Gottlieb

   Pages 49-67

9. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Intervention in Children

   • G. S. Berenson, S. R. Srinivasan, L. S. Webber

   Pages 69-81

10. Should (Nearly) Every Postmenopausal Woman be Treated with Estrogen to Prevent Heart Disease?

    • E. Barrett-Connor

    Pages 83-89

11. Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease

    • Gerald M. Reaven

    Pages 91-97

12. The Effects of Insulin on the Cardiovascular System

    • Michael L. Tuck

    Pages 99-103

13. Insulin-A Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease?

    • Henry R. Black

    Pages 105-110

14. Hypertension and Dyslipidemia in High Risk Families

    • R. R. Williams, S. C. Hunt, P. N. Hopkins, S. J. Hasstedt, L. L. Wu, B. M. Stults et al.

    Pages 111-115

15. Hypertension and Aging Induce Similar Changes in Molecular, Cellular, and Connective Tissue Responses of the Arterial Wall

    • A. V. Chobanian

    Pages 117-125

16. Plasma Renin as a Risk Factor for Heart Attack and Stroke in Hypertension

    • John H. Laragh

    Pages 127-132

17. Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profile of Hypertension: Therapeutic Approaches

    • Michael A. Weber, David H. G. Smith, Joel M. Neutel, William F. Graettinger

    Pages 133-140

18. Specific Antihypertensive Therapy: An Achievable Goal?

    • Gordon H. Williams, Norman K. Hollenberg

    Pages 141-146

19. Effects of Blood Pressure Control on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Complications in Older Hypertensives

    • W. H. Birkenhäger

    Pages 147-157

20. Calcium Channel Blockade and Coronary Vasomotility in Hypertension

    • M. D. Guazzi, F. Fabbiocchi, P. Ravagnani, S. Cozzi, A. Apostolo, P. Sganzerla et al.

    Pages 159-163

This book includes the most significant contributions of the First International Symposium on "Multiple risk factors in cardiovascular disease", chaired by Professors A. V. Chobanian (Boston), A. M. Gotto Jr. (Houston), c. Lenfant (Bethesda), R. Paoletti and A. Zanchetti (Milan), held in Washington DC, 10-12 December 1990, which focused on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their interactions. The need for this symposium is based on the epidemiological evidence that individuals from industrialized countries often possess two or more risk factors which synergically increase the global risk profile. The evidence that isolated vascular risk factors are not commonly found in high risk patients but more often a combination of risk factors are detected, is highlighted. Many recent epidemiological data identifying the intrinsic and environ­ mental factors contributing to the development of atherosclerosis are discussed. These results, in parallel to basic and clinical research, underline how atherosclerosis is a complex and multifac­ torial process involving the influences of lipid deposition, blood pressure, rheologic forces, carbohydrate tolerance, and thrombogenic factors (fibrinogen and platelets). Atherosclerosis is markedly accelerated by other risk factors, more so in the presence of concomitant hypercholes­ terolemia, hypertension, diabetes, upper body obesity. Furthermore, the risk associated with anyone of these risk factors varies widely depending on level of the associated atherogenic risk factors.

• Diabetes
• Internist
• cardiovascular
• hypertension
• insulin
• pathophysiology
• physiology

• Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA

  Antonio M. Gotto

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA

  Claude Lenfant

• Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

  Rodolfo Paoletti, Maurizio Soma

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