Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

1. Low Temperature Instrumentation

   1. Pulsation Damping

      • C. R. Myer

      Pages 138-143

   2. The Application of Commercial Electrical Equipment to Locations where Hydrogen Gas may Exist in Quantities Sufficient to Produce Explosive or Ignitable Mixtures

      • K. A. Woodard

      Pages 144-147

   3. Behavior of Electrical Insulation Materials and of Halogenated Hydrocarbon Refrigerants at Temperatures of -100° to -200°F

      • J. T. Wilson

      Pages 148-150

2. Low Temperature Instrumentation (continued)

   1. Thermistor Indicating Flowmeter for Low Flow Rates of Nitrogen and Hydrogen Gases

      • J. W. Allen, M. M. Fulk, M. M. Reynolds

      Pages 151-153

   2. A Sensitive Electronic Liquid Level Indicator for Condensed Gases

      • D. W. Braudaway, S. B. Schwartz, J. W. Allen

      Pages 154-155

   3. Low Temperature Electrical Resistance of Fifteen Commercial Conductors

      • O. E. Park, M. M. Fulk, M. M. Reynolds

      Pages 156-157

   4. Carbon Resistors and Variable Differential Transformers for Liquid Level Indication

      • S. B. Schwartz, A. E. Wilson

      Pages 158-161

   5. Glass in Cryogenics

      • H. L. Landay

      Pages 162-163

   6. Modification of a Calorimetric Oxygen Detector for use with Non-Equilibrium Hydrogen

      • A. E. Wilson, S. B. Schwartz, R. J. Corruccini

      Pages 164-167

   7. An Optical Means of Liquid Level Sensing

      • R. L. Blumberg

      Pages 168-168

   8. Trace Oxygen Analysis for Liquid Hydrogen Production

      • E. Catalano

      Pages 169-170

3. Cryogenic Applications

   1. Helium Production Process

      • P. V. Mullins

      Pages 171-185

   2. Low Temperature Liquids as Coolants in Guided Missiles

      • H. G. Paul

      Pages 186-193

   3. The Application of Low Temperature Processes in Production of Chemicals

      • C. F. Hauck

      Pages 194-200

   4. Cryogenic Engineering in the Production and Distribution of Liquefied Atmospheric Gases

      • H. J. Portzer

      Pages 201-206

   5. Carbon Dioxide in Low Temperature Testing

      • F. C. Seefeldt

      Pages 207-211

4. Low Temperature Insulation

   1. Performance of Heat Insulating Materials Down to 20°K

      • H. L. Johnston, C. B. Hood Jr., J. Bigeleisen, R. W. Powers, J. B. Ziegler

      Pages 212-215

   2. Vacuum Powder Insulation

      • M. M. Reynolds, J. D. Brown, M. M. Fulk, O. E. Park, G. W. Curtis

      Pages 216-223

   3. Thermal Radiation Absorption by Metals

      • M. M. Fulk, M. M. Reynolds, O. E. Park

      Pages 224-229

   4. Styrofoam (Expanded Polystyrene) Insulation at Low Temperature

      • H. J. Waite

      Pages 230-234

More than sixty years have elapsed since Linde first liquefied air on a commercial scale and prepared the way for separating of other gaseous mixtures. His work, however, was not of an isolated nature. It was conceived eighteen years after air had, for the first time, been liquefied in the laboratory by Pictet in Geneva and Caillete in Paris. Linde's liquefaction of air was followed by Dewar's work on hydrogen liquefaction in London and by the setting up at Leiden of Kamerlingh Onnes's famous low temperature laboratory. These advances in low temperature or cryogenic technology have resulted in the establishment of a completely new and thriving industry. Cryogenic engineering is concerned with developing and improving low temperature processes, techniques, and equipment; determining the physical properties of structural and related materials used in producing, maintaining, and using low temperatures; and the practical application of low temperature techniques and processes. These low tempera­ tures are below those usually encountered in refrigerating engineering. It is rather difficult to assign a definite temperature which serves to divide refrigerating engineering from cryogenic engineering. A temperature below _lSOoC, however, is generally associated with cryogenic engineering.

• cryogenics
• engine
• flow
• hydrogen
• industry
• material
• materials
• mining
• nature
• radiation
• superconductivity
• technology
• temperature

• Chemical Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

  K. D. Timmerhaus

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