Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are heterogenous, nano-sized, membrane-limited structures which not only represent a specific way of intercellular communication but also endow cells with many capabilities. Apoptotic bodies created during apoptosis, microvesicles shed from the plasma membrane, and exosomes originated inside the cell and released to extracellular space upon fusion with the plasma membrane, they all belong to extracellular vesicles. Extracellular vesicles contain lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In this review, we describe their biogenesis, release and uptake by recipient cells, their composition, functions and potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Abbreviations
- EVs:
-
Extracellular vesicles
- MVs:
-
Microvesicles
- MVBs:
-
Multi-vesicular bodies
- ILVs:
-
Intraluminal vesicles
- ARF6:
-
ADP-ribosylation factor 6
- PLD:
-
Phospholipase D
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- MLCK:
-
Myosin light chain kinase
- MHC-I:
-
Major histocompatibility complex class-I molecules
- VAMP3:
-
Vesicle-associated membrane protein 3
- MT1-MMP:
-
Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase
- ESCRT:
-
Endosomal sorting complex required for transport
- VPS4:
-
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4
- ALIX:
-
ALG-2-interacting protein X
- TSG101:
-
Tumour susceptibility gene 101
- ARRDC1:
-
Arrestin 1 domain–containing protein 1
- VPS4:
-
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4
- WWP2:
-
E3 ligase WW domain-containing protein 2
- TCRs:
-
T cell receptors
- LAMP-3:
-
Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3
- nSMase:
-
Neutral sphingomyelinase
- MFGE8:
-
Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8
- TIM4:
-
T cell immunoglobulin mucin 4
- TSP:
-
Thrombospondin
- MMPs:
-
Matrix metalloproteinases
- ADAM10:
-
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 10
- TACE:
-
Tumour necrosis factor α-converting enzyme
- siRNA:
-
Small interfering RNA
- TGF-β:
-
transforming growth factor beta
- LFA-1:
-
lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
- ICAM-1:
-
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- HSPs:
-
Heat shock proteins
- DC:
-
Dendritic cell
- STB:
-
Syncytiotrophoblast
- TLR4:
-
Toll-like receptor 4
- PI3K/Akt:
-
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases/protein kinase B
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- Tspan8:
-
Tetraspanin 8
- MCL:
-
Mantle cell lymphoma
- DC-SIGN:
-
Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin
- MUC1:
-
Mucin 1
- TIM1:
-
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1
- BAI1:
-
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1
- uPAR:
-
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor
- EGFRvIII:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III
- RHEB:
-
Ras homolog enriched in brain
- IFN-γ:
-
Interferon gamma
- STAT:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- VSV-G:
-
Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein
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The work was supported by the FWF (P22908), VEGA (2/0063/14 and 2/0020/17) and APVV-16-0452 grants.
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Petrovčíková, E., Vičíková, K. & Leksa, V. Extracellular vesicles – biogenesis, composition, function, uptake and therapeutic applications. Biologia 73, 437–448 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-018-0047-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-018-0047-0