Skip to main content
Log in

Immobilisation of Clostridium spp. for production of solvents and organic acids

  • Review
  • Published:
Chemical Papers Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review summarises the high potential of immobilised cells systems for the fermentative production of compounds, mainly produced by representatives of the Clostridium genus. Microorganisms of Clostridium species are recognised as good producers of a wide range of chemicals in almost every sector of industry. The combination of this microorganism with its immobilisation opens up new possibilities and renders the fermentation process more sophisticated than in a free-cell system. This review provides a comprehensive summary of techniques used in immobilisation of Clostridium species with regard to specific products and types of fermentation. In addition, comparisons of particular types of immobilisation techniques used in fermentation processes are summarised by specific products.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Azbar, N., Gungormusler, M., & Gonen, C. (2011). Continuous production of 1,3-propanediol using waste glycerol with Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL-593 immobilized on glass beads and glass rushing rings. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Fats and Oils as Renewable Feedstock for the Chemical Industry, March 20–22, 2011 (L15). Karlsruhe, Germany: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanian, N., Kim, J. S., & Lee, Y. Y. (2001). Fermentation of xylose into acetic acid by Clostridium thermoaceticum. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 91–93, 367–376. DOI: 10.1385/abab:91-93:1-9:367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbirato, F., Himmi, E. H., Conte, T., & Bories, A. (1998). 1,3-propanediol production by fermentation: An interesting way to valorize glycerin from the ester and ethanol industries. Industrial Crops and Products, 7, 281–289. DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6690(97)00059-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badr, H. R, Toledo, R., & Hamdy, M. K. (2001). Continuous acetone-ethanol-butanol fermentation by immobilized cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biomass and Bioenergy, 20, 119–132. DOI: 10.1016/s0961-9534(00)00068-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bedia, J., Rosas, J. M., Vera, D., Rodríguez-Mirasol, J., & Cordero, T. (2010). Isopropanol decomposition on carbon based acid and basic catalysts. Catalysis Today, 158, 89–96. DOI:10.1016/j.cattod.2010.04.043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beshay, U. (2003). Production of alkaline protease by Teredinobacter turnirae cells immobilized in Ca-alginate beads. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2, 60–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bharani, B., & Phatak, S. R. (2005). Acetic acid visualization of the cervix an alternative to colposcopy in evaluation of cervix at risk. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India, 55, 530–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradberry, S. (2007). Acetone. Medicine, 35, 581. DOI: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.08.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brossmer, Ch., & Arntz, D. (2000). U.S. Patent No. 6,140,543. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

  • Bučko, M., Mislovičoválka, J., Vikartovská, A., Šeflovičovík, J., Tkčík, I., Štefuca, V., Polakovič, M., Rosenberg, M., Rebroš, M., Šmogrovičovšvitel, J. (2012). Immobilization in biotechnology and biorecognition: from macro-to nanoscale systems. Chemical Papers, 66, 983–998. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-012-0226-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. A., & Minton, N. P. (2011). Sporulation studies in Clostridium difficile. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 87, 133–134. DOI:10.1016/j.mimet.2011.07.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calasso, M., & Gobbetti, M. (2011). Lactic acid bacteria | Lactobacillus spp.: Other species. In J. W. Fuquay, P. F. Fox, & H. Roginski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of dairy science (2nd ed., pp. 125–131). San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374407-4.00265-x.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Claassen, P. A. M., Budde M. A. W., & López-Contreras, A. M. (2000). Acetone, butanol and ethanol production from domestic organic waste by solventogenic clostridia. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2, 39–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Çaylak, B., & Vardar Sukan, F. (1998). Comparison of different production processes for bioethanol. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 22, 351–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collet, C., Gaudard, O., Péringer, P., & Schwitzguébel, J. P. (2005). Acetate production from lactose by Clostiridium thermolacticum and hydrogen-scavenging microorganisms in continuous culture — Effect of hydrogen partial pressure. Journal of Biotechnology, 118, 328–338. DOI:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.05.011.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deckwer, W. D. (1995). Microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 16, 143–149. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00162.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva, G. P., Mack, M., & Contiero, J. (2009). Glycerol: A promising and abundant carbon source for industrial microbiology. Biotechnology Advances, 27, 30–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.07.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Vasconcelos, J. N., Lopes, C. E., & de Franca, F. P. (2004). Continuous ethanol production using yeast immobilized on sugar-cane stalks. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 21, 357–365. DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322004000300002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, J., Liu, B. F., Ren, N. Q., Xing, D. F., Guo, W. Q., Xu, J. F., & Xie, G. J. (2009). Hydrogen production from glucose by co-culture of Clostridium butyricum and immobilized Phodopseudomonas faecalis RLD-53. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34, 3647–3652. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dürre, P. (2008). Fermentative butanol production. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1125, 353–362. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1419.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ezeji, T. C., Qureshi, N., & Blashek, H. P. (2004). Butanol fermentation research: upstream and downstream manipulations. Chemical Record, 4, 305–314. DOI:10.1002/tcr.20023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezeji, T. C., Qureshi, N., & Blashek, H. P. (2007). Bioproduction of butanol from biomass: from genes to bioreactor. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 18, 220–227. DOI:10.1016/j.copbio.2007.04.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, Ch., & Schugerl, K. (1986). Continuous acetone-butanol production with free and immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 25, 186–193. DOI: 10.1007/bf00253646.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George, H. A., Johnson, J. L., Moore, W. E. C., Holdeman, L. V., & Chen, J. S. (1983). Acetone, isopropanol, and butanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii (syn. Clostridium butylicum) and Clostridium aurantibutyricum. American Society of Microbiology, 45, 1160–1163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gheshlaghi, R., Scharer, J. M., Moo-Young, M., & Chou, C. P. (2009). Metabolic pathways of clostridia for producing butanol. Biotechnology Advances, 27, 764–781. DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gholizadeh, L. (2009). Enhanced butanol production by free and immobilized Clostridium sp. cells using butyric acid as cosubstrate. Master thesis, University College of Boras, Boras, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gullo, M., & Giudici, P. (2008). Acetic acid bacteria in traditional balsamic vinegar: Phenotypic traits relevant for starter cultures selection. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 125, 46–53. DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.076.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gungormusler, M., Gonen, C., & Azbar, N. (2011). Continuous production of 1,3-propanediol using raw glycerol with immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-593 in comparison to suspended culture. Bioprocess and Biosystem Engineering, 34, 727–733.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He, Q., Lokken, P. M., Chen, S., & Zhou, J. (2009). Characterization of the impact of acetate and lactate on ethanolic fermentation by Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Bioresource Technology, 100, 5955–5965. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2009. 06.084.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horiuchi, J. I., Shimizu, T., Tada, K., Kanno, T., & Kobayashi, M. (2002). Selective production of organic acids in anaerobic acid reactor by pH control. Bioresource Technology, 82, 209–213. DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00195-x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y. L., Mann, K., Novak, J. M., & Yang, S. (1998). Acetic acid production from fructose by Clostridium formicoaceticum immobilized in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. Biotechnology Progress, 14, 800–806. DOI: 10.1021/bp980077f.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., & Yang, S. T. (1998). Acetate production from whey lactose using co-immobilized cells of homolactic and homoacetic bacteria in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 60, 498–507. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19981120)60:4〈498::AID-BIT12〉3.0.CO;2-E.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, W. C., Ramey, D. E., & Yang, S. T. (2004). Continuous production of butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum immobilized in a fibrous bed reactor. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 113, 887–898. DOI: 10.1385/abab:115:1-3:0887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, J., Cai, J., Wang, J., Zhu, X., Huang, L., Yang, S. T., & Xu, Z. (2011). Efficient production of butyric acid from Jerusalem artichoke by immobilized Clostridium tyrobutyricum in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. Bioresource Technology, 102, 3923–3926. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inokuma, K., Liao, J. C., Okamoto, M., & Hanai, T. (2010). Improvement of isopropanol production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli using gas stripping. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 110, 696–701. DOI:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.07.010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IUPAC (1997). In: A. D. McNaught, & A. Wilkinson (Eds.), Compendium of chemical terminology (2nd ed., the “Gold Book”). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

  • Jiang, L., Wang, J., Liang, S., Wang, X., Cen, P., & Xu, Z. (2009). Butyric acid fermentation in a fibrous bed bioreactor with immobilized Clostridium tyrobutyricum from cane molasses. Bioresource Technology, 100, 3403–3409. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jo, J. H., Lee, D. S., Park, D., & Park, J. M. (2008). Biological hydrogen production by immobilized cells of Clostridium tyrobutyricum JM1 isolated from a food waste treatment process. Bioresource Technology, 99, 6666–6672. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.067.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John, R. P., Anisha, G. S., Nampoothiri, K. M., & Pandey, A. (2009). Direct lactic acid fermentation: Focus on simultaneous saccharification and lactic acid production. Biotechnology Advances, 27, 145–152. DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008. 10.004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. T., & Woods, D. R. (1986). Acetone-butanol fermentation revisited. Microbiological Reviews, 50, 484–524.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karel, S. F., Libicki, S. B., & Robertson, C. R. (1985). The immobilization of whole cells: Engineering principles. Chemical Engineering Science, 40, 1321–1354. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(85)80074-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khana, S., Goyal, A., & Moholkar, V. S. (2011). Production of n-butanol from biodiesel derived crude glycerol using Clostridium pasteurianum immobilized on Amberlite. Fuel, DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.10.071.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilonzo, P., Margaritis, A., & Bergougnou, M. (2011). Effects of surface treatment and process parameters on immobilization of recombinant yeast cells by adsorption to fibrous matrices. Bioresource Technology, 102, 3662–3672. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.055.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kourkoutas, Y., Bekatorou, A., Banat, I. M., Marchant, R., & Koutinas, A. A. (2004). Immobilization technologies and support materials suitable in alcohol beverages production: a review. Food Microbiology, 21, 377–397. DOI:10.1016/j.fm.2003.10.005.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kühtreiber, W. M., Lanza, R. P., & Chick, W. L. (1999). Cell encapsulation technology and therapeutics, Boston, USA: Birkhäuser.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. Y., Park, J. H., Jang, S. H., Nielsen, L. K., Kim, J. H., & Jang, K. S. (2008). Fermentative butanol production by clostridia. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 101, 209–228. DOI:10.1002/bit.22003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, D., & Lütke-Eversloh, T. (2011). Switching Clostridium acetobutylicum to an ethanol producer by disruption of the butyrate/butanol fermentative pathway. Metabolic Engineering, 13, 464–473. DOI:10.1016/j.ymben.2011.04.006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., Han, H. J., & Zhang, C. H. (2011). Continuous butyric acid production by corn stalk immobilized Clostridium thermobutyricum cells. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5, 661–666.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, P. Y., Whang, L. M., Wu, Y. R., Ren, W. J., Hsiao, C. J, Li, S. L., & Chang, J. S. (2007). Biological hydrogen production of the genus Clostridium: Metabolic study and mathematical model simulation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32, 1728–1735. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.12.009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liou, J. S. C., Balkwill, D. L., Drake, G. R., & Tanner, R. S. (2005). Clostridium carboxidivoransi sp. nov., a solvent-producing clostridium isolated from an agricultural settling lagoon, and reclassification of the acetogen Clostridium scatologenes strain SL1 as Clostridium drakei sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55, 2085–2091. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63482-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. G., & Yang, S. T. (2006). Kinetics of butyric acid fermentation of glucose and xylose by Clostridium tyrobutyricum wild type and mutant. Process Biochemistry, 41, 801–808. DOI:10.1016/j.procbio.2005.10.009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. G., Zhu, Y., & Yang, S. T. (2006). Butyric acid and hydrogen production by Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 and mutants. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 38, 521–528. DOI:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.07.008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., Chen, Y., Li, A., Ding, F. Y., Zhou, T., He, Y., Li, B. B., Niu, H. Q., Lin, X. Q., Xie, J. J., Chen, X. C., Wu, J. L., & Ying, H. J. (2013). Enhanced butanol production by modulation of electron flow in Clostridium acetobutylicum B3 immobilized by surface adsorption. Bioresource Technology, 129, 321–328. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.090.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lozinsky, V. I., & Plieva F. M. (1998). Poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels employed as matrices for cell immobilization. 3. Overview of recent research and developments. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 23, 227–242. DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(98)00036-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumura, M., Takehara, S., & Kataoka, H. (1992). Continuous butanol/isopropanol fermentation in down-flow column reactor coupled with pervaporation using supported liquid membrane. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 39, 148–156. DOI: 10.1002/bit.260390205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Najafpour, G. D. (2006). Immobilization of microbial cells for the production of organic acid and ethanol. In Biochemical engineering and biotechnology (pp. 199–227). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/b978-044452845-2/50008-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Núnez, M. J., & Lema, J. M. (1987). Cell immobilization: Application to alcohol production. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 9, 642–651. DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(87)90121-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papanikolaou, S., Ruiz-Sanchez, P., Pariset, B., Blanchard, F., & Fick, M. (2000). High production of 1,3-propanediol from industrial glycerol by a newly isolated Clostridium butyricum strain. Journal of Biotechnology, 77, 191–208. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00217-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papoutsakis, E. T. (2008). Engineering solventogenic clostridia. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19, 420–429. DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.08.003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payot, S., Guedon, E., Gelhaye, E., & Petitdemange, H. (1999). Induction of lactate production associated with a decrease in NADH cell content enables growth resumption of Clostridium cellulolyticum in batch cultures on cellobiose. Research in Microbiology, 150, 465–473. DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(99)00110-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi, N., & Maddox, I. S. (1995). Continuous production of acetone-butanol-ethanol using immobilized cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum and integration with product removal by liquid-liquid extraction. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 80, 185–189. DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(95)93217-8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi, N, Schripsema, J., Lienhard, J., & Blaschek, H. P. (2000). Continuous solvent production by Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 immobilized by adsorption onto brick. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 16, 377–382. DOI: 10.1023/a:1008984509404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi, N., Li, X. L., Hughes, S., Saha, B. C., & Cotta, M. A. (2006). Butanol production from corn fiber xylan using Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnology Progress, 22, 673–680. DOI: 10.1021/bp050360w.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishna, S. V., & Prakasham, R. S. (1999). Microbial fermentations with immobilized cells. Current Science, 77, 87–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebroš, M., Rosenberg, M., Stloukal, R., & Krištofíkov Ľ. (2005). High efficiency ethanol fermentation by entrapment of Zymomonas mobilis into LentiKats®. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 41, 412–416. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01770.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M., Rebroš, M., Krištofíkovátová, K. (2005). High temperature lactic acid production by Bacillus coagulans immobilized in LentiKats. Biotechnology Letters, 27, 1943–1947. DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-3907-y.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saint-Amans, S., Girbal, L., Andrade, J., Ahrens, K., & Soucaille, P. (2001). Regulation of carbon and electron flow in Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 grown on glucose-glycerol mixtures. Journal of Bacteriology, 183, 1748–1754. DOI:10.1128/jb.183.5.1748-1754.2001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, S., Nakashimada, Y., Inokuma, K., Kita, M., Okada, H., & Nishio, N. (2005). Acetate and ethanol production from H2 and CO2 by Moorella sp. using a repeated batch culture. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 99, 252–258. DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwart, R. D., & Keller, F. A., Jr. (1982). Acetic acid production by Clostridium thermoaceticum in pH-controlled batch fermentations at acidic pH. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 43, 1385–1392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Šilhánková, L. (2008). Mikrobiologie pro potravinäře a biotechnology (3rd ed., pp. 132–134). Prague, Czech Republic: Academia. (in Czech)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sim, J. H., & Kamaruddin, A. H. (2008). Optimalization of acetic acid production from synthesis gas by chemolithotropic bacterium — Clostridium aceticum using statistical approach. Bioresource Technology, 99, 2724–2735. DOI: 10.1016/j. biortech.2007.07.004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soni, S. K., Kaur, A., & Gupta, J. K. (2003). A solid state fermentation based bacterial α-amylase and fungal glucoamylase system and its suitability for the hydrolysis of wheat starch. Process Biochemistry, 39, 185–192. DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00058-x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sormutai, W., Takagi, M., & Yoshida, T. (1996). Acetonebutanol fermentation by Clostridium aurantibutyricum ATCC 17777 from a model medium for palm oil mill effluent. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 81, 543–547. DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)81477-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Survase, S. A, Jurgens, G., van Heiningen, A., & Granström, T. (2011). Continuous production of isopropanol and butanol using Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423. Applied Microbiology and. Biotechnology, 91, 1305–1313. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3322-3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Survase, S. A, van Heiningen, A., & Granström, T. (2012). Continuous bio-catalytic conversion of sugar mixture to acetone-butanol-ethanol by immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 792. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 93, 2309–2316. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3761-x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tosa, T., Sato, T., Mori, T., Matuo, Y., & Chibata, I. (1973). Continuous production of l-aspartic acid by immobilized aspartase. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 15, 69–84. DOI: 10.1002/bit.260150106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., & Wang, D. I. C. (1983). Production of acetic acid by immobilized whole cells of Clostridium thermoaceticum. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 8, 491–503. DOI: 10.1007/bf02780382.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, D., Liu, X. G., & Yang, S. T. (2013). Butyric acid production from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate by Clostridium tyrobutyricum immobilized in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. Bioresource Technology, 129, 553–560. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech. 2012.11.065.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegel, J., Kuk, S. U., & Kohring, G. W. (1989). Clostridium thermobutyricum sp. nov., a moderate thermophile isolated from a cellulolytic culture, that produces butyrate as the major product. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Bacteriology, 39, 199–204. DOI: 10.1099/00207713-39-2-199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittlich, P. (2001). Biotechnical production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol by immobilized cells of Clostridium butyricum NRRL B-1024 and thermophilic microorganisms. Ph.D. thesis, Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, K., Murakami, R., & Takamura, Y. (1998). Isoprenoid quinine, cellular fatty acid composition and diaminopimelic acid isomers of newly classified thermophilic anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 161, 351–358. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12968.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yen, H.W., Li, R. J., & Ma, T.W. (2011). The development process for a continuous acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 42, 902–907. DOI:10.1016/j.jtice.2011.05.006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zajkoska, P., Rebroš, M., & Rosenberg, M. (2013). Biocatalysis with immobilized Escherichia coli. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97, 1441–1455. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4651-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z. Y., Jin, B., & Kelly, J. M. (2007). Production of lactic acid from renewable materials by Rhizopus fungi. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 35, 251–263. DOI:10.1016/j.bej.2007.01.028.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C. H., Ma, Y. J., Yang, F. X., Liu, W., & Zhang, Y. D. (2009). Optimalization of medium composition for butyric acid production by Clostridium thermobutyricum using response surface methodology. Bioresource Technology, 100, 4284–4288. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.022.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Y., & Yang, S. T. (2004). Effect of pH on metabolic pathway shift in fermentation of xylose by Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Journal of Biotechnology, 110, 143–157. DOI:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.02.006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zigová, J., Šturdík, E., Vandák, D., & Schlosser, Š. (1999). Butyric acid production by Clostridium butyricum with integrated extraction and pertraction. Process Biochemistry, 34, 835–843. DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(99)00007-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Rebroš.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dolejš, I., Rebroš, M. & Rosenberg, M. Immobilisation of Clostridium spp. for production of solvents and organic acids. Chem. Pap. 68, 1–14 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0414-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0414-9

Keywords

Navigation