Abstract
A novel and easy method for the separation of inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis using a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL), poly(1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide) as a background electrolyte modifier has been developed. The PIL has been proved to generate a reversed electroosmotic flow which reduces the analysis time and improves the separation significantly. Effects of the PIL concentration and buffer composition (pH and concentration) were evaluated on basis of the resolution and efficiency of the sample. Under optimum conditions, good separation of six model inorganic anions was achieved with high efficiency and excellent reproducibility within 3 min. The results obtained indicate that the combination of reversed EOF and the association between the analytes and the PIL on the capillary wall or BGE play a prominent role in the separation of anions. Therefore, the PIL presents a useful alternative for the BGE modifier in the study of inorganic anions by CE.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Borissova, M., Vaher, M., Koel, M., & Kaljurand, M. (2007). Capillary zone electrophoresis on chemically bonded imidazolium based salts. Journal of Chromatography A, 1160, 320–325. DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.032.
Chen, S., & Pietrzyk, D. J. (1993). Separation of sulfonate and sulfate surfactants by capillary electrophoresis: effect of buffer cation. Analytical Chemistry, 65, 2770–2775. DOI:10.1021/ac00068a012.
Hernández-Borges, J., Borges-Miquel, T., González-Hernández, G., & Rodríguez-Delgado, M. A. (2005). Rapid separation of antioxidants in food samples by coelectroosmotic CE. Chromatographia, 62, 271–276. DOI:10.1365/s10337-005-0622-8.
Hsieh, Y.-N., Ho, W.-Y., Horng, R. S., Huang, P.-C., Hsu, C.-Y., Huang, H.-H., & Kuei, C.-H. (2007). Study of anion effects on separation phenomenon for the vinyloctylimidazolium based ionic liquid polymer stationary phases in GC. Chromatographia, 66, 607–611. DOI:10.1365/s10337-007-0334-3.
Hsieh, Y.-N., Horng, R. S., Ho, W.-Y., Huang, P.-C., Hsu, C.- Y., Whang, T.-J., & Kuei, C.-H. (2008). Characterizations for vinylimidazolium based ionic liquid polymer stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography. Chromatographia, 67, 413–420. DOI:10.1365/s10337-008-0531-8.
Jones, W. R., & Jandik, P. (1992). Various approaches to analysis of difficult sample matrices of anions using capillary ion electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A, 608, 385–393. DOI:10.1016/0021-9673(92)87146-Y.
Křížek, T., Breitbach, Z. S., Armstrong, D. W., Tesařová, E., & Coufal, P. (2009). Separation of inorganic and small organic anions by CE using phosphonium-based mono- and dicationic reagents. Electrophoresis, 30, 3955–3963. DOI:10.1002/elps.200900416.
Li, J., Han, H., Wang, Q., Liu, X., & Jiang, S. (2010b). Polymeric ionic liquid as a dynamic coating additive for separation of basic proteins by capillary electrophoresis. Analytica Chimica Acta, 674, 243–248. DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2010.06.044.
Li, J., Wang, Q., Han, H., Liu, X., & Jiang, S. (2010a). Polymeric ionic liquid as additive for the high speed and efficient separation of aromatic acids by co-electroosmotic capillary electrophoresis. Talanta, 82, 56–60. DOI:10.1016/j.talanta.2010.03.057.
Marcilla, R., Alcaide, F., Sardon, H., Pomposo, J. A., Pozo-Gonzalo, C., & Mecerreyes, D. (2006b). Tailor-made polymer electrolytes based upon ionic liquids and their application in all-plastic electrochromic devices. Electrochemistry Communications, 8, 482–488. DOI:10.1016/j.elecom.2006.01.013.
Marcilla, R., Sanchez-Paniagua, M., Lopez-Ruiz, B., Lopez-Cabarcos, E., Ochoteco, E., Grande, H., & Mecerreyes, D. (2006a). Synthesis and characterization of new polymeric ionic liquid microgels. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 44, 3958–3965. DOI:10.1002/pola.21483.
Meng, Y., Pino, V., & Anderson, J. L. (2009). Exploiting the versatility of ionic liquids in separation science: Determination of low-volatility aliphatic hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography. Analytical Chemistry, 81, 7107–7112. DOI:10.1021/ac901377w.
Mo, H., Zhu, L., & Xu, W. (2008). Use of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids as background electrolytes in capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of inorganic anions. Journal of Separation Science, 31, 2470–2475. DOI:10.1002/jssc.200800167.
Mori, H., Yahagi, M., & Endo, T. (2009). RAFT polymerization of N-vinylimidazolium salts and synthesis of thermoresponsive ionic liquid block copolymers. Macromolecules, 42, 8082–8092. DOI:10.1021/ma901180j.
Muldoon, M. J., & Gordon, C. M. (2004). Synthesis of geltype polymer beads from ionic liquid monomers. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 42, 3865–3869. DOI:10.1002/pola.20299.
Padarauskas, A. (2006). CE determination of small ions: methods and techniques. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 384, 132–144, DOI:10.1007/s00216-005-0186-3.
Sakai-Kato, K., Kato, M., Nakajima, T., Toyo’oka, T., Imai, K., & Utsunomiya-Tate, N. (2006). Cationic starch derivatives as dynamic coating additives for protein analysis in capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A, 1111, 127–132. DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.06.097.
Tang, J., Radosz, M., & Shen, Y. (2008). Poly(ionic liquid)s as optically transparent microwave-absorbing materials. Macromolecules, 41, 493–496. DOI:10.1021/ma071762i.
Yassine, M. M., & Lucy, C. A. (2004). Factors affecting the temporal stability of semipermanent bilayer coatings in capillary electrophoresis prepared using double-chained surfactants. Analytical Chemistry, 76, 2983–2990. DOI:10.1021/ac035372f.
Yu, C.-J., & Tseng, W.-L. (2006). Online concentration and separation of basic proteins using a cationic polyelectrolyte in the presence of reversed electroosmotic flow. Electrophoresis, 27, 3569–3577. DOI:10.1002/elps.200600121.
Yu, L., Qin, W., & Li, S. F. Y. (2005). Ionic liquids as additives for separation of benzoic acid and chlorophenoxy acid herbicides by capillary electrophoresis. Analytica Chimica Acta, 547, 165–171. DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2005.05.047.
Zhao, F., Meng, Y., & Anderson, J. L. (2008). Polymeric ionic liquids as selective coatings for the extraction of esters using solid-phase microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 1208, 1–9. DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.071.
Zhao, Q., & Anderson, J. L. (2010). Highly selective GC stationary phases consisting of binary mixtures of polymeric ionic liquids. Journal of Separation Science, 33, 79–87. DOI:10.1002/jssc.200900591.
Zhao, Q., Wajert, J. C., & Anderson, J. L. (2010). Polymeric ionic liquids as CO2 selective sorbent coatings for solid-phase microextraction. Analytical Chemistry, 82, 707–713. DOI:10.1021/ac902438k.
Zhou, L., & Dovletoglou, A. (1997). Practical capillary electrophoresis method for the quantitation of the acetate counter-ion in a novel antifungal lipopeptide. Journal of Chromatography A, 763, 279–284. DOI:10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00982-X.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, Y., Li, J., Han, H. et al. Polymeric ionic liquid as a background electrolyte modifier enhancing the separation of inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis. Chem. Pap. 65, 267–272 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-011-0014-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-011-0014-5