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Comparison of Light Microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Haemoparasites in Cattle in Nigeria

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Abstract

Purpose

Haemoparasitic diseases are among the important factors that threaten cattle health and productivity especially in the sub-Saharan region. In Nigeria, their detection using sensitive molecular techniques is scanty. This study was designed to investigate and to reevaluate the repertoire of haemoparasites of cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria with a comparative evaluation of light microscopy (LM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.

Methods

Blood samples from 100 cattle slaughtered at Ibadan abattoirs were examined using LM and PCR techniques for haemoparasite detection. The PCR reactions using three primer sets targeting the 16S rRNA genes for Hemoplasma spp. and Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. and 18S rRNA genes of Babesia/Theleiria spp. were done. A few randomly selected amplicons from each set were sequenced and analysed.

Results

A total infection rate of 34% by LM including Hemoplasma spp. (17%), Anaplasma spp. (16%), microfilaria (5%) and Trypanosoma spp. (12%) was recorded. While, 86% positivity was recorded with PCR amplification as follows: Hemoplasma spp. (64%), Babesia/Theleiria spp. (46%) and Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. (5%). Comparison of LM and PCR findings showed that no LM Anaplasma spp.-positive samples and 7 out of the 17 LM hemoplasma-positive cattle were confirmed by PCR. In addition, LM led to misdiagnosis of 46 Babesia/Theleiria spp.-positive samples. Amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia/Theileria spp.-positive samples revealed Theileria velifera and Theileria annulata. In the Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp.-positive samples, only Anaplasma marginale was characterized. Mycoplasma wenyonii, “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” and Pseudomonas fluorescens like were characterized among the hemoplasma-infected cattle.

Conclusions

The first report of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” and Pseudomonas fluorescens like in Nigerian cattle is herewith documented. The alarming LM misdiagnosis of haemoparasites during this study confirms its limitations as it fails to identify many parasites and emphasizes the need for inclusion of molecular techniques to improve their detection. The study also shows for the first time the high prevalence of haemotropic mycoplasma in Nigerian cattle via molecular diagnostic methods, thus indicating a strong need for the investigation of their zoonotic implications.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are gratefully indebted to Professor Christian Happi for his unceasing support and for allowing us to use his laboratory facilities at the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Nigeria, for the molecular analyses carried out in this study. Our unreserved thanks and gratitude goes particularly to Mrs. Philonema Eromon and Mr. Adeyemi T Kayode for their technical assistance in the molecular laboratory at the ACEGID. We immensely appreciate Mrs Ademakinwa Josephine and Mrs Ayomikun Adeyeyi for their support in the haematology work at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Anise N. Happi & Olawale Osifade

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Nigeria

    Paul E. Oluniyi

  3. African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria

    Paul E. Oluniyi

  4. Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Bamidele N. Ogunro

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  1. Anise N. Happi
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Correspondence to Anise N. Happi.

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Statement of animal rights

The present study was carried out by collecting blood from cattle at the slaughtering point during bleeding. This was done with the consent of the owners of the respective cattle at the local municipal abattoir in Ibadan, Nigeria. Therefore as we were not on our own handling the animals, we thought there was no need for ethical approval.

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Happi, A.N., Osifade, O., Oluniyi, P.E. et al. Comparison of Light Microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Haemoparasites in Cattle in Nigeria. Acta Parasit. 65, 44–56 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-00123-y

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