Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recent Advances in the Treatment of AIDS-Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  • Leading Article
  • Published:
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common malignancy associated with HIV infection and is considered an AIDS defining condition by the US Centers of Disease Control Guidelines. Several advances in the treatment of AIDS-related KS have been achieved over the past few years, even though a gold standard therapy for KS has not yet been defined and treatment must be tailored to individual needs. Since the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a dramatic clinical response has been documented in patients with KS, making HAART an essential approach in the management of KS in most, if not all, patients with AIDS-related KS. However, in case of aggressive, visceral, and/or life-threatening KS, more complex therapeutic schedules have to be taken into account, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or immunotherapy. In general, systemic treatment for KS is limited to widespread, symptomatic disease, whereas local interventions are indicated for minimal, cosmetically troublesome lesions.

Among new cytotoxic agents, liposomal anthracyclines and paclitaxel are highly effective molecules for KS and have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as first-line and second-line monotherapy, respectively, for advanced KS. Furthermore, a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of KS has lead to the development of an array of new experimental agents.

Many antiangiogenic agents such as AGM 1470 (TNP 470), thalidomide, and glufanide disodium (IM 862) have produced encouraging responses in patients with KS and large clinical trials are in progress. Retinoic acids may also block neoangiogenesis as well as proliferation of KS cells in vitro, and they have been used either systemically or topically with a high response rate. Thus, a topical compound 0.1% alitretinoin gel was approved in 1999 by the FDA for the treatment of skin lesions associated with KS.

Human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormonal agent, has shown a strong inhibitory activity in KS cells, but its role in the regression of KS lesions is not clear.

Finally, the identification of a novel γ-herpesvirus, human herpesvirus-8, as a causative agent for KS, together with novel antiangiogenic compounds, such as metalloproteinase inhibitors, may offer promising targets for the therapy of KS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Table I
Fig. 2
Table II
Table III
Table IV

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Use of tradenames is for product identification only and does not imply endorsement.

References

  1. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994; 6: 18

    Google Scholar 

  2. Goedert JJ, Cote TR, Virgo P, et al. Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders. Lancet 1998; 351: 1833–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. US Centers for Disease Control. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992; 41: 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  4. Beral V, Peterman TA, Berkelman RL, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma among persons with AIDS:a sexual transmitted infection? Lancet 1990; 335: 123–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Serraino D, Franceschi S, Tirelli U, et al. The epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and associated tumors in Europe. Ann Oncol 1992; 3: 595–603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wabinga HR, Parkin DM, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. Cancer in Kampala, Uganda, in 1989–1991: changes in incidence in the era of AIDS. Int J Cancer 1993; 54: 26–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Nasti G, Vaccher E, Errante D, et al. Malignant tumors and AIDS. Biomed Pharmacother 1997; 51: 243–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jones JL, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, et al. Effect of antiretroviral therapy on recent trends in selected cancers among HIV-infected persons. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 21 Suppl. 1: S11–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. International Collaboration on HIV and Cancer. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1823–30

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gill PS, Akil B, Colleti P, et al. Pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma: clinical findings and results of therapy. Am J Med 1989; 87: 57–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kaplan LD, Hopewell PC, Jaffe H, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma involving the lung in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1988; 1: 23–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ognibene FP, Steis RG, Macher AM, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma causing pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 471–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Krown SE, Metroka C, Wernz JC. Kaposi’s sarcoma in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a proposal for uniform evaluation, response, and staging criteria. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1201–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Krown SE, Tosta MA, Huang J. AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: prospective validation of the ACTG staging classification. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 3085–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ensoli B, Sturzl M. Kaposi’s sarcoma: a result of the interplay among inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors and viral agents. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1998; 9: 63–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Knowles D, et al. Identification and partial characterization of a new human herpesvirus associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma [abstract]. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11 Suppl. 1: S73–4

    Google Scholar 

  17. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 1994; 266: 1865–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Elkman M, Kaaya EE, Schalling M, et al. Herpes virus like (KSHV) DNA in various forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma and malignant lymphoma [abstract]. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11 Suppl. 1: S74–8

    Google Scholar 

  19. Friedman-Kien AE, Li JJ, Huang YQ. RNA expression of the herpesvirus-like agent (KSHV) in various types of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) lesions [abstract]. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11 Suppl. 1: S97

    Google Scholar 

  20. Whitby D, Howard MR, Tenant-Flowers M, et al. Detection of Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus in peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals and progression to Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lancet 1995; 346: 799–802

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mouini P, de Lellis L, Fabris M, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus DNA sequences in prostate tissue and human semen. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1168–72

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kaelle DM, Huang ML, Chandron B, et al. Frequent detection of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8) DNA in saliva of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: clinical and biological correlates. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 94–102

    Google Scholar 

  23. Smith MS, Bloomer C, Horvat R, et al. Detection of human herpesvirus-8 DNA in Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions and peripheral blood of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients and correlation with serological measurements. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 84–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gao S-J, Kingsley L, Hoover DR, et al. Seroconversion to antibodies against Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpes virus-related latent nuclear antigens before the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 233–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mesri EA. Inflammatory reactivation and angiogenicity of Kaposi’s sarcoma: associated herpesvirus/HHV8 a missing link in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Blood 1999; 93: 4034–43

    Google Scholar 

  26. Aoki Y, Jaffe ES, Chang Y, et al. Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis induced by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6. Blood 1999; 93: 4034–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ensoli B, Gendelman R, Markham P, et al. Synergy between basic fibroblast growth factor and HIV-1 Tat protein in induction of Kaposi’s sarcoma development. Nature 1994; 371: 674–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chang HC, Gallo RC, Ensoli B, et al. Regulation of cellular gene expression and function by the human immunodeficiency virus type I Tat protein. J Biomed Sci 1995; 95: 1723–34

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ensoli B, Nakamura S, Salahuddin SZ, et al. AIDS-Kaposi’s sarcoma derived cell express cytokine with autocrine and paracrine growth effects. Science 1989; 243: 223–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Krown SE. Clinical overview: issues in Kaposi’s sarcoma therapeutics. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1998; 23: 59–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee FC, Cooper JS, Mitsuyasu RT. AIDS-related malignancies. In: Pazdur R, Coia LR, Hoskins WJ, et al. Cancer management: a multidisciplinary approach. 2nd ed. Huntington (NY): PRR, 1998: 5, 37–63

    Google Scholar 

  32. Murphy M, Armstrong D, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Regression of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma following treatment with an HIV-1 protease inhibitor. AIDS 1997; 11: 261–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Conant MA, Opp KM, Poretz D, et al. Reduction of Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions following treatment of AIDS with ritonavir. AIDS 1997; 11: 1300–1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Blum L, Pellet C, Agbalika F, et al. Complete remission of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with undetectable human herpesvirus-8 sequences during anti-HIV protease therapy. AIDS 1997; 11: 1653–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bredick AE, Carmichael C, Rady PL, et al. Resolution of Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with undetectable viral level of human herpes-virus 8 DNA in a patient with AIDS after protease inhibitors therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 648–9

    Google Scholar 

  36. Aboulafia DM. Regression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 439–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bower M, Fox P, Fife K, et al. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) prolongs time to treatment failure in Kaposi’s sarcoma. AIDS 1999; 13: 2105–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lebbè C, Blum L, Pellet C, et al. Clinical and biological impact of antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors on HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. AIDS 1998; 12: F45–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dupin N, Rubin the Cervens V, Gorin I, et al. The influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy on AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 875–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Cattelan AM, Calabrò ML, Aversa SML, et al. Regression of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma following antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors: biological correlated of clinical outcome. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35: 1809–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cattelan AM, Calabrò ML, Gasperini P, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi’s sarcoma regression after highly active antiretroviral therapy: biological correlates of clinical outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2001; 28: 44–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Dupont C, Vasseur E, Beauchet A, et al. Long term efficacy on Kaposi’s sarcoma of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a cohort of HIV-positive patients. AIDS 2000; 14: 987–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Penn I. Kaposi’s sarcoma in transplant recipients. Transplantation 1997; 64: 669–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Krown SE. Interferon and other biological agents for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1991; 5: 311–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lane HC, Kovasc JA, Feinberg J, et al. Anti-retroviral effects of interferon-alpha in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lancet 1988; II: 1218–22

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fischl M. Antiretroviral therapy in combination with interferon for AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Am J Med 1991; 90: 2S–7S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Krown SE, Gold JWM, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Interferon-alpha with zidovudine: safety, tolerance, and clinical and virological effects in patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 812–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Shephered FA, Beaulieu R, Gelmon K, et al. Prospective randomized trial of two dose levels of interferon alpha with zidovudine for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a Canadian HIV Clinical Trials Network Study. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1736–42

    Google Scholar 

  49. Aversa SML, Cattelan AM, Salvagno L, et al. Chemo-immunotherapy of advanced AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Tumori 1999; 85: 54–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dupuy J, Price M, Lynch G, et al. Intralesional interferon alpha and zidovudine in epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: 996–72

    Google Scholar 

  51. Lewis B, Abrams D, Ziegler J, et al. Single agent and combination chemotherapy of Kaposi’s sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1983; 2: 59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Laubenstein LJ, Krigel RL, Odajnyk CM, et al. Treatment of epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma with etoposide or a combination of doxorubicin, bleomycin and vinblastin. J Clin Oncol 1984; 2: 1115–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Volberding PA, Abrams D, Conant M, et al. Vinblastine therapy for Kaposi’s sarcoma in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 335–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kaplan L, Volberding PA. Failure of mitoxantrone in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lancet 1985; II: 396

    Google Scholar 

  55. Mintzer D, Real FX, Jovino L, et al. Treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma and thrombocytopenia with vincristine in patients with acquired deficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 200–2

    Google Scholar 

  56. Chachoua A, Green M, Laubestein L, et al. Phase II study of oral idarubicin in patients with AIDS associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Cancer Treat Rev 1987; 71: 775–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Goss PE, Shepherd FA, Burkes R, et al. Phase II study of epirubicin in the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma and AIDS [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 3: 2

    Google Scholar 

  58. Gill PS, Rarick M, Berstein-Singer M. Treatment of advanced Kaposi’s sarcoma using a combination of bleomycin and vincristine. Am J Clin Oncol 1990; 13: 315–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lassoued K, Clauvel JP, Katlama C, et al. Treatment of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related Kaposi’s sarcoma with bleomycin as a single agent. Cancer 1990; 66: 1869–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Schwartsmann G, Sprinz E, Kromfeld M, et al. Phase II study of teniposide in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 1637–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Caumes E, Guermonprez G, Katlama C, et al. AIDS-associated mucocutaneous Kaposi’s sarcoma treated with bleomycin. AIDS 1992; 6: 1483–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Fischl MA, Krown SE, O’Boyle K, et al. Weekly doxorubicin in the treatment of patients with AIDS related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6: 259–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Remick SC, Reddy M, Herman D, et al. Continuous infusion bleomycin in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 1130–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Schwartsmann G, Sprinz E, Kromfeld M, et al. Clinical and pharmacokinetic study of oral etoposide in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma with no prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2118–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Errante D, Spina M, Tavio M, et al. Evidence of activity of vinorelbine in patients with previously treated epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 16: A146

    Google Scholar 

  66. Gill PS, Rarick MU, McCuchan JA, et al. Systemic of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: results of a randomized trial. Am J Med 1991; 90: 427–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gill PS, Wernz J, Scadden DT, et al. Randomized phase III trial of liposomal daunorubicin versus doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine (ABV) in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2353–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Northfelt DW, Debuze B, Thommes JA, et al. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vincristine in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: results of randomized Phase III clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2445–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Stewart S, Jablononski H, Goebel FD, et al. Randomized comparative trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus bleomycin and vincristine in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 683–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Masood R, Husain SR, Rahman A, et al. Potentiation of cytotoxic of Kaposi’s sarcoma related to immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by liposome encapsulated doxorubicin. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 8: 741–5

    Google Scholar 

  71. Northfelt DW, Martin FJ, Working P, et al. Pharmacokinetics, tumor localization, and safety of pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 366: 55–63

    Google Scholar 

  72. Berry G, Billingham M, Alderman E, et al. The use of cardiac biopsy to demonstrate reduced cardiotoxicity in AIDS Kaposi’s sarcoma patients treated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Ann Oncol 1998; 9: 711–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Presant CA, Scolaro M, Kennedy P, et al. Liposomal daunorubicin treatment of HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lancet 1993; 341: 1242–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gill PS, Espina BM, Muggia F, et al. Phase I/II clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of liposomal daunorubicin. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 996–1003

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Sturzl M, Zeit C, Eisenburg B, et al. Liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma: clinical, histological, and cell biological evaluation. Res Virol 1994; 145: 261–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Harrison M, Tomlinson D, Stewart S. Liposomal-entrapped doxorubicin: an active agent in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 914–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Mytsuyasu R, von Roenn J, Krown SE. Comparison study of liposomal doxorubicin alone or with bleomycin and vincristine for treatment of advanced AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma: AIDS Clinical Trial Group [protocol 286]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997: 16: 55a

    Google Scholar 

  78. Horwitz SB, Cohen D, Rao S, et al. Taxol: mechanisms of action and resistance. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1993; 15: 55–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Klauber N, Parangi S, Flynn E, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis and breast cancer in mice by the microtubule inhibitors 2-methoxyestradiol and taxol. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 81–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Belotti D, Vergani V, Drudis T, et al. The microtubule-affecting drug paclitaxel has antiangiogenic activity. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: 1843–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Saville MW, Lietzau J, Wilson W, et al. A trial of paclitaxel (Taxol) in patients with HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma [abstract]. Proc ASCO 1994; 12: A19

    Google Scholar 

  82. Saville MW, Lietzau J, Pluda JM, et al. Treatment of HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma with paclitaxel. Lancet 1995; 346: 26–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Welles L, Saville MW, Lietzau J, et al. Phase II trial with dose titration of paclitaxel for the therapy of human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1112–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gill PS, Tulpule A, Espina BM, et al. Paclitaxel is safe and effective in the treatment of advanced AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 1876–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Panday VRN, Hoetelmans RMW, van Heeswijk RPG, et al. Paclitaxel in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus 1-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma drug-drug interactions with protease inhibitors and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: a case report study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999; 43: 516–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Holkova B, Takeshita K, Cheng DM, et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in patients with AIDS-associated pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma treated with chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3848–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Dezube BJ, von Roenn JH, Holden-Wiltse J, et al. A phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetics study of TNP-470 in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. (ACTG-215). J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1444–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tulpule A, Snyder JC, Espina BM, et al. A phase I study of tecogalan, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and solid tumor [abstract]. Blood 1994; 84 Suppl. 1: 248a

    Google Scholar 

  89. Eckhardt SG, Burris HA, Eckardt JR, et al. A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the angiogenesis inhibitor, tecogalan sodium. Ann Oncol 1996; 7: 491–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Tulpule A, Scadden DT, Espina BM, et al. Results of a randomized study of IM862 nasal solution in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 716–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Little RF, Kathleen MW, Pluda JM, et al. Activity of thalidomide in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 2593–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Gill PS, Espina BM, Moudgil T, et al. All-trans retinoic acid for the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: results of a pilot phase II study. Leukemia 1995; 8: S26–32

    Google Scholar 

  93. Saiag P, Pavlovic M, Clerici T, et al. Treatment of early AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma with oral all-trans-retinoic acid: results of a sequential non-randomized phase II trial. AIDS 1998; 12: 2169–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Freidman-Kein AE, Dezube B, Lee J, et al. Oral 9-cis retinoic acid in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: AIDS malignancy consortium study 2002 [abstract]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 17: A24

    Google Scholar 

  95. Aboulafia D, Norris D, Grossman RJ, et al. Interim analysis of phase II study (Protocol L1057-280) of panretin capsules for AIDS related Kaposi’s sarcoma [abstract]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 17: A24

    Google Scholar 

  96. Duvic M, Friedman-Kien AE, Looney DJ, et al. Topical treatment of cutaneous lesions of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi’s sarcoma using alitretinoin gel. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136: 1461–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Tavio M, Nasti G, Simonelli C, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 1634–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Gill PS, McLaughlin T, Espina BM, et al. Phase I study of a preparation of human chirionic gonadotropin given subcutaneously to patients with AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1797–802

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Morfeld L, Torssander J. Long-term remission of Kaposi’s sarcoma following foscarnet treatment in HIV-infected patients. Scand J Infect Dis 1994; 26: 749–52

    Google Scholar 

  100. Nakamura S, Sakurada S, Salahuddin SZ, et al. Inhibition of development of Kaposi’s sarcoma related lesions by a bacterial cell wall complex. Science 1992; 255: 1437–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Pluda JM, Shay LE, Foli A, et al. Administration of pentosan polysulfate to patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1585–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. D’Amato R, Loughnan MS, Flynn E, et al. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 4082–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Tulpule A, Scadden DT, Espina BM, et al. Results of a randomized study of IM862 nasal solution in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 716–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. IM862 (Investigator’s Brochure). Edition 6: 1998 Aug 1. Kirland (WA): Cytran Inc., 1998

  105. Jolly PE, Yang YL, Alvarez JO, et al. Vitamin A depletion in HIV infection and AIDS [letter]. AIDS 1996; 10: 114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ladoux A, Cragos EJ, Geny B, et al. Differentiation of human promyelocitic HL 60 cells by retinoic acid is accompanied by an increase in the intracellular pH. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 811–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Dmitrovsky E, Bosl GJ. Active cancer therapy combining 13-cis-retinoic acid with interferon-a. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 218–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Fenaux P, Degos L. Differentiation therapy for acute promyelocitic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1997; 377: 1076–7

    Google Scholar 

  109. Guo WX, Gill PS, Antakly T. Inhibition of AIDS-Kaposi’s sarcoma cell proliferation following retinoic acid receptor activation. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 823–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Corbeil J, Rapaport E, Richman DD, et al. Antiproliferative effect of retinoid compounds on Kaposi’s sarcoma cells. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 1981–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Bonhomme L, Fredj G, Averous S, et al. Topical treatment of epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma with all trans retinoic acid. Ann Oncol 1991; 2: 234–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Bailey J, Pluda JM, Foli A, et al. Phase I/II study of intermittent all trans retinoic acid alone and in combination with interferon-alfa 2a in patients with epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 1966–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Von Roenn J, von Gunten C, Mullane M, et al. All trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: a phase II Illinois Cancer Center Study [abstract]. Pro Am Soc Clin Oncol 1993; 12: 51

    Google Scholar 

  114. Bernstein ZP, Rios A, Scadden D, et al. A multicenter phase II/III study on ATRAGEN (Tretinoin liposomal) in patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma [abstract]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 17: A24

    Google Scholar 

  115. Lunardi-Iskandar Y, Bryant JL, Zeman RA, et al. Tumorigenesis and metastasis of neoplastic Kaposi’s sarcoma cell line in immunodeficient mice blocked by a human pregnancy hormone. Nature 1995; 375: 64–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Gill PS, Lunardi-Iskandar Y, Louie S, et al. Human chorionic gonodotropin has antitumor activity in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 261–9

    Google Scholar 

  117. Looney DJ, Witke W, Feigal E, et al. Relationship of HHV-8 peripheral blood mononuclear cell burden to immunodeficiency, opportunistic infections, response to therapy and stage of Kaposi’s sarcoma: First National AIDS Malignancy Conference, Bethesda (MD) [abstract]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1997; 14: A35

    Google Scholar 

  118. Quinlevan B, Ye D, Wehkie R, et al. Frequency of HHV-8 detection in peripheral blood cells in patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma: First National AIDS malignancy Conference, Bethesda (MD) [abstract]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1997; 14: A32

    Google Scholar 

  119. Gelsby MJ, Hoover DR, Weng S, et al. Use of antiherpes drugs and the risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma: data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. AIDS 1996; 10: 1101–5

    Google Scholar 

  120. Mocroft A, Youle M, Gazzard B, et al. Anti-herpesvirus treatment and the risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV infection: Royal Free/Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals Collaborative Group. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 2082–6

    Google Scholar 

  121. Jones JL, Hanson DL, Chu SY, et al. AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 1995; 267: 1078–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Ensoli B, Sturzl M, Monini P. Reactivation and role of HHV-8 in Kaposi’s sarcoma initiation. Adv Cancer Res 2001; 81: 161–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Sturzl M, Zietz C, Monini P, et al. Human herpesvirus-8 and Kaposi’s sarcoma: relationship with the multistep concept of tumorgenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2001; 81: 125–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Ciufo DM, Cannon JS, Poole LJ, et al. Spindle cell conversion by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: formation of colonies and plaques with mixed lytic and latent gene expression in infected primary dermal microvascular endothelial cell cultures. J Virol 2001; 75: 5614–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kedes DH, Ganem D. Sensitivity of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication to antiviral drugs. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 2082–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Brown P, Giavazzi R. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition: a review of anti-tumor activity. Ann Oncol 1995; 6: 967–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Ensoli B, Markham P, Kao V. Block of AIDS-Kaposi’s sarcoma cell growth, angiogenesis and lesion formation in nude mice by antisense oligonucleotide targeting basic fibroblast growth factor: a novel strategy for the therapy of KS. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 1736–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Dr Lolita Sasset, Dr Federica Vianello, and Dr Gino Crivellari, for their useful help in preparing the manuscript. No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this manuscript. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Infectious Diseases Division, General Hospital, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, 35128, Italy

    Anna M. Cattelan & Marco Trevenzoli

  2. Oncology Division, General Hospital, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Savina M. L. Aversa

Authors
  1. Anna M. Cattelan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marco Trevenzoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Savina M. L. Aversa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anna M. Cattelan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cattelan, A.M., Trevenzoli, M. & Aversa, S.M.L. Recent Advances in the Treatment of AIDS-Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Am J Clin Dermatol 3, 451–462 (2002). https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200203070-00002

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200203070-00002

Keywords

Search

Navigation