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Diuretic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure for the Elderly Patient

  • Section 4: Diuretic Therapy and the Elderly Patient
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Summary

The incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) in the elderly increases with age as 80% of patients hospitalised with CHF are older than 60 years of age. In this age group CHF may result from several factors such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease or intrinsic myocardiopathies.

Important alterations of renal physiology have been observed in this condition: decreases in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, and increases in renal venous pressure. Natriuretic hormone inhibition occurs and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation and antidiuretic hormone secretion increase, resulting in positive water and sodium balances that contribute to the manifestations of congestive heart failure.

The treatment of CHF in the elderly is similar to that in younger patients; the difference in management is determined by the severity of the disease and the side effects of the drugs used. Diuretics increase water and sodium elimination by the kidney and increase the systolic volume of the left ventricle, probably by the reduction of preload and afterload.

Diuretic therapy must be pursued carefully in patients receiving digitalis, especially in those elderly individuals who may be on restricted diets: the most common adverse effects of diuretics in this age group are hypovolaemia, hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia.

Résumé

L’incidence de l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) chez le sujet âgé augmente avec l’âge puisque 80% des malades hospitalisés dans cet état ont plus de 60 ans. Dans ce groupe d’âge, l’IC peut résulter de plusieurs causes telles que l’atteinte des artères coronaires, l’hypertension, une maladie valvulaire ou une myocardiopathie endogène.

Des altérations importantes de la physiologie rénale ont été également observées dans l’IC: diminution du flux plasmatique rénal et de la vitesse de filtration glomérulaire et augmentation de la pression veineuse rénale. Une inhibition de l’hormone natriurétique apparait ainsi qu’une activation du système aldostérone —rénine —angiotensine et une augmentation de la secrétion d’hormone anti-diurétique l’ensemble aboutissant à une balance hydrosodée positive qui contribue à l’expression des manifestations d’insuffisance cardiaque.

Le traitement de l’IC du sujet âgé est identique à celui des patients plus jeunes: les différences dans la conduite du traitement sont déterminées par la sévérité de la maladie et par les effets indésirables des médicaments utilisés. Le traitement comprend le repos, un régime de restriction sodée, des diurétiques, des digitaliques et/ou des vasodilatateurs. Les diurétiques provoquent une élimination majorée d’eau et de sodium par le rein, une augmentation du volume d’éjection systolique du ventricule gauche, probablement par la réduction de la précharge et de la postcharge.

Le traitement diurétique doit être entrepris avec soin chez les patients digitalisés, particulièrement chez les individus âgés susceptibles d’avoir une alimentation restrictive, en veillant aux effets indésirables des diurétiques les plus habituels à cet âge: hypovolémie, hyponatrémie, hypokaliémie, hypomagnésémie.

Zusammenfassung

Die Häufigkeit des kongestiven Herzversagens (KHV) steigt bei den Älteren mit dem Alter an, und 80% der hospitalisierten Patienten mit KHV sind älter als 60 Jahre. In dieser Altersgruppe kann das KHV durch verschiedene Faktoren entstehen, wie Koronararterienerkrankung, Hypertonie, Herzklappenerkrankung oder intrinsische Myokardiopathien.

An wichtigen Veränderungen der Nierenphysiologie wurden beim KHV Abnahmen des renalen Plasmaflusses und der glomerulären Filtrationsrate sowie ein A nstieg des renalen Venendrucks beobachtet. Es tritt eine Hemmung des natriuretischen Hormons und des Renin-, Angiotensin-, Aldosteron-Systems auf, was zu einer positiven Wasser-und Natriumbalance führt, die an den kongestiven Manifestationen des Herzversagens beiträgt.

Die Behandlung des KHV bei den Älteren ist ähnlich wie die der jüngeren Patienten; der Unterschied in der Therapie wird durch die Schwere der Erkrankung und durch die Neben-wirkungen der verwendeten Pharmaka bestimmt. Zur Therapie gehören Ruhe, niedrige Natriumaufnahme, Diuretika, Digitalis und/oder Vasodilatatoren. Diuretika erhöhen die Elimination von Wasser und Natrium durch die Niere und das systolische Volumen des linken Ventrikels, wahrscheinlich durch Reduktion der Vor-und Nachlast.

Die Therapie mit Diuretika muβ bei Patienten, die Digitalis erhalten, sorgfältig durchgeführt werden, insbesondere bei älteren Personen, die eine eingeschränke Diät zu sich nehmen, und die häufigsten Nebenwirkungen der Diuretika in dieser Altersgruppe sind Hypovolämie, Hyponaträmie, Hypokaliämie und Hypomagnesämie.

Resumen

La incidencia de la insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva (ICC) en el anciano aumenta con la edad, hasta el punto de que el 80% de los pacientes hospitalizados con ICC son may ores de 60 años. En este grupo de edad la ICC es consecuencia de varios factores, tales como arteriopatía coronaria, hipertensión, valvulopatía y miocardiopatías intrínsecas.

También se han observado importantes alteraciones de la fisiología renal en la ICC: disminuyen la corriente plasmática renal y la tasa defiltración glomerular y aumenta la presión venosa renal. Se produce inhibición de la hormona natriurétrica y se ven incrementadas la activación del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona y la secreción de hormona antidiurética, arrojando como resultado un balance positivo de agua y sodio que contribuye a las manifestaciones congestivas de la insuficiencia cardiaca.

El tratamiento de la ICC del anciano es semejante al de los pacientes jóvenes; la diferencia queda determinada por la gravedad de la enfermedad y por los efectos secundarios de los medicamentos usados. La terapéutica comprende reposo, dieta hiposalina, diuréticos, digital y/o vasodilatadores. Los diuréticos aumentan la eliminación de agua y sodio por el riñón e incrementan el volumen sistólico del ventrículo izquierdo, probablemente por reductión de la precarga y de la poscarga.

La terapéutica diurética debe aplicarse con precautión en los patientes que to man digital y, en especial, en los ancianos sometidos a dietas restringidas, Los efectos secundarios más frecuentes de los diureticos en este grupo de edad son hipovolemia, hiponatremia, hipocaliemia e hipomagnesemia.

Resumo

A incidência de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC) nas pessoas idosas aumenta com a idade, uma vez que 80% dos patientes hospitalizados com ICC tem mais de 60 anos. Nestafaixa de idade, a ICC pode resultar de diversos fatores, tais como doenças coronarianas, hipertensão, doença valvular ou miocardiopatias intrínsecas.

Também foram observadas alterações na fisiologia renal no quadro da ICC: diminuição no fluxo plasmático nos rins e na taxa de filtração glomerular e aumentos na pressão venosa renal. Ocorre inibição do hormônio natriurético, aumenta a ativação do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e da secreção do hormônio antidiurético, resultando em balanços positivos de água e sódio que contribuem para as manifestações congestivas da insuficiência cardíaca.

O tratamento da ICC nos patientes idosos é semelhante ao dos patientes mais jovens; a diferença no controle é determinada pela severidade da doença e pelos efeitos colaterais da droga utilizada. O tratamento inclui repouso, baixa ingestão de sódio, diuréticos, digital e/ou vasodilatadores. Os diureticos aumentam a eliminação de água e sódio pelos rins e aumentam o volume sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo, provavelmente por meio da redução da pré-carga e da pós-carga.

O tratamento com diuréticos deve ser encaminhado com cuidado nos patientes que recebam digital, sobretudo nos indíviduos idosos, com restriçóes dietéticas, sendo que o efeito adverso mais comum dos diuréticos nesta faixa de idade são a hipopotassemia, a hiponatremia, hipovolemia e a hipomagnesemia.

Riassunto

L’incidenza dello scompenso cardiaco congestizio nell’anziano aumenta con l’età, come è dimostrato dal fatto che l’80% dei pazienti ospedalizzati per scompenso cardiaco congestizio ha più di 60 anni. In questo grupo di età lo scompenso cardiaco può avere varie cause, come la cardiopatia ischemica, l’ipertensione arteriosa, le valvulopatie o le miocardiopatie primitive. Nello scompenso cardiaco congestizio sono inoltre state dimostrate importanti alterazioni della fisiologia renale: riduzioni del flusso plasmâtico renale e del filtrato glomerulare e aumenti della pressione venosa renale. Inoltre l’inibizione dell’ormone natriuretico, l’attivazione del sistema renina—angiotensina—aldosterone e l’aumentata secrezione di ormone antidiuretico causano un bilancio positivo di acqua e sodio che contribuisce alle manifestazioni congestizie dello scompenso cardiaco.

Il trattamento dello scompenso cardiaco congestizio nell’anziano è simile a quello praticato nei pazienti più giovani: le differenze sono legate alla gravità della malattia e agli effetti collaterali dei farmaci usati. La terapia comprende il riposo, un ridotto apporto di sodio, diuretici, digitale e/o vasodilatoatori. i diuretici aumentano Veliminazione renale di acqua e sodio e aumentano il volume sistolico ventricolare sinistro, probabilmente attraverso la riduzione del pre—carico e del post—carico.

La terapia diuretica deve essere praticata con cautela nei pazienti in trattamento digitalico, specie negli anziani che possono seguire diete limitate e insufficienti. I più frequenti effetti indesiderati dei diuretici in questo gruppo di età sono ipovolemia, iposodiemia, ipopotassiemia e ipomagnesiemia.

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Carvalho Filho, E.T. Diuretic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure for the Elderly Patient. Drugs 31 (Suppl 4), 165–173 (1986). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198600314-00020

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