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Electrolyte Abnormalities and Ventricular Arrhythmias

  • Section 3:Electrolyte Changes and the Myocardium: Defining the Risk
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Summary

Investigation of coronary heart disease manifesting as sudden death has highlighted the role of electrolyte disturbances in arrhythmogenesis. The identification of the 3 major cardiac risk factors —hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and smoking —does not fully explain sudden death in asymptomatic patients with an abnormal ECG. Sudden death is usually ascribed to cardiac arrhythmia whose pathogenesis has 3 possible mechanisms affecting the electrical properties of the heart. Thiazide diuretics are known to deplete potassium and magnesium in the body and while magnesium deficiency has been especially associated with cardiac rhythmicity, potassium levels modulate the cellular effects of calcium in the myocardium. In patients with ischaemic heart disease, both hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia correlate with the frequency of serious arrhythmias and even in ambulatory hypertensive patients on diuretics, it is important to preserve electrolyte homeostasis. There is, however evidence to suggest that some patients are more susceptible to diuretic-induced arrhythmias and in these patients even mild hypokalaemia can cause ventricular arrhythmias, and age may be a contributory factor. The risk of thiazide-induced arrhythmias has yet to be confirmed.

Résumé

L’exploration de l’atteinte coronarienne qui s’exprime par une mort subite a mis en lumière le rôle des désordres électrolytiques dans la genèse des arythmies. L’identification des trois principaux facteurs de risque cardiaque —hyperlipémie, hypertension et tabagisme —n’expliquent pas complètement la mort subite de patients asymptomatiques et dont l’ECG est anormal. La mort subite est habituellement attribuée à une arythmie cardiaque dont la pathogenèse peut reconnaître trois mécanismes qui affectent les propriétés électriques du coeur. Les diurétiques thiazidiques sont connus pour provoquer une déplétion du potassium et du magnésium et l’on sait aussi que le déficit en magnésium a été rapproché de la rythmicité cardiaque et que les concentrations du potassium modulent les effets cellulaires du calcium dans le myocarde. Chez les malades porteurs d’une atteinte cardiaque de type ischémique, l’hypokaliémie et l’hypomagnésémie sont correlées à la fréquence des arythmies sérieuses. Il est donc important de préserver l’homéostase électrolytique même chez les malades ambulatoires s’ils sont sous traitement diurétique. Il est cependant prouvé que certains patients sont plus sensibles que d’autres aux effets arythmogènes de hypokaliémie. Chez ces malades, même une hypokaliémie discrète peut provoquer la survenue d’arythmies ventriculaires et l’âge peut être un facteur aggravant. Le risque d’arythmies induites par les thiazidiques doit cependant être confirmé.

Zusammenfassung

Untersuchungen der koronaren Herzkrankheit, die zum plötzlichen Herztod führt, haben die Bedeutung von Elektrolytstörungen bei der Arrhythmogenese hervorgehoben. Die Identifizierung der 3 hauptsächlichen kardialen Risikofaktoren —Hyperlipidämie, Hypertonie und Rauchen —erklärt den plötzlichen Tod bei asymptomatischen Patienten mit einem abnormalen EKG nicht vollständig. Der plötzliche Herztod wird gewöhnlich auf eine kardiale Arrhythmie zurückgeführt, deren Pathogenese 3 mögliche Mechanismen hat, die die elektrischen Eigenschaften des Herzens beeinflussen. Es ist bekannt, daβ Thiazid-Diuretika zu einer Verarmung von Kalium und Magnesium im Körper führen, und während der Magnesiummangel speziell mit der Herzrhythmik in Beziehung steht, modulieren die Kaliumspiegel die zellulären Effekte des Kalzium im Myokard. Bei Patienten mit ischämischer Herzkrankheit korreliert sowohl die Hypokaliämie als auch die Hypomagnesämie mit der Häufigheit schwerer Arrhythmien, und es ist selbst bei ambulanten Hypertonikern, die mit Diuretika behandelt werden, wichtig, die Elektrolythomeostase zu erhalten. Es gibt jedoch Hinweise, die vermuten lassen, daβ einige Patienten gegenüber Diuretika-induzierten Arrhythmien empfindlicher sind, und bei diesen Patienten kann selbst eine leichte Hypokaliämie ventrikuläre Arrhythmien verursachen, wobei das Alter ein zusätzlicher Faktor sein kann. Das Risiko von Thiazid-induzierten Arrhythmien muβ noch bestimmt werden.

Resumen

La investigación de la cardiopatía coronaria que tiene como consecuencia el fallecimiento repentino del paciente ha puesto de manifiesto el papel de los trastornos electrolíticos en la arritmogénesis. La identificación de los tres principales factores de riesgo —hiperlipidemia, hipertensión y tabaco —no explica de modo adecuado el súbito fallecimiento de enfermos asintomáticos con ECG anormal. Generalmente la muerte se atribuye a una arritmia cardiaca cuya patogenia responde a tres posibles mecanismos que afectan a las propiedades eléctricas del corazón. Es sabido que los diuréticos tiacídicos agotan las reservas de potasio y magnesio del organismo y que, mientras el déficit de magnesio se ha asociado especialmente al ritmo cardiaco, los niveles de potasio se relacionan con la modulation de los efectos celulares del calcio en el miocardio. En los patientes con cardiopatia isquémica, la hipocaliemia y la hipomagnesemia se correlacionan con la frecuencia de arritmias graves; en los patientes ambulatorios que toman diuréticos es importante preservar la homeostasis electrolítica. No obstante, según ciertos datos, algunos patientes son más suceptibles a las arritmias inducidas por diuréticos; en estos patientes la hipocaliemia, incluso cuando es leve, puede causar arritmias ventriculares. La edad avanzada podria ser un factor de influencia en este aspecto. Todavía está por confirmar el riesgo de arritmias inducidas por tiacidas.

Resumo

As pesquisas relativas às doenças coronarianas resultantes em morte súbita ressaltou o papel dos distúrbios eletrolíticos na formação de arritmias. A identificação dos três fatores de risco primordiais na doença cardíaca —hiperlipidemia, hipertensão e o hábito de fumar —não explica satisfatoriamente a morte súbita em patientes assintomáticos com um ECG anormal. A morte súbita é normalmente atribuída a uma arritimia cardíaca cuja patogênese comporta três mecanismos capazes de afetar as propriedades elétricas do coração. Sabe-se que a tiazida, leva à depleção de quantidades de potássio e magnésio do organismo, sendo que a deficiência de magnésio foi associada especialmente ao ritmo cardíaco, enquanto que as concentrões de potássio modulam os efeitos do cálcio nas células do miocárdio. Nos patientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica, tanto a hipopotassemia como a hipomagnesemia estão correlacionadas com a frequência de arritmias graves, sendo que, mesmo junto aos patientes hipertensos ambulantes, em tratamento com diuréticos, é importante preservar-se a homeostase. Contudo, há evidência sugerindo que alguns patientes são mais suscetíveis a arritmias induzidas por diuréticos; nestes patientes, mesmo uma hipopotassemia leve eventualmente agravada pelo fator idade pode provocar arritmias ventriculares. O risco de arritmias induzidas por tiazidas ainda precisa ser confirmado.

Riassunto

Le ricerche sulla malattia coronarica che si manifesta come morte improvvisa hanno messo in evidenza il ruolo delle alterazioni elettrolitiche nella genesi delle aritmie. L’identificazione di 3 fattori principali di rischio cardiovascolare —iperlipidemia, ipertensione e fumo —non spiega completamente la morte improvvisa in pazienti asintomatici con alterazioni elettrocardiografiche. La morte improvvisa è solitamente dovuta ad una aritmia cardiaca la cui patogenesi ha 3 possibili meccanismi legati alle proprietà elettriche del cuore. E′ noto che i diuretici tiazidici riducono i depositi corporel di potassio e magnesio e mentre la riduzione di magnesio è stata più specificatamente associata ad alterazioni del ritmo cardiaco, la concentrazione di potâssio modula gli effetti cellulari del calcio nel miocardio. Nei pazienti con

Cardiopatia ischemica sia l’ipomagnesiemia che l’ipopotassiemia sono correlate alla frequenza di aritmie gravi e anche nei pazienti ipertesi ambulatoriali in terapia diuretica è importante mantenere l’omeostasi elettrolitica. Vi sono tuttavia dati che suggeriscono la diversa sensibilità dei pazienti alle aritmie indotte dai diuretici: in questi pazienti anche una lieve ipopotassiemia può causare aritmie ventricolari e l’età pud essere un fattore contribuente. Il rischio di aritmie indotte dai diuretici tiazidici deve ancora essere confermato.

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Caralis, P.V., Perez-Stable, E. Electrolyte Abnormalities and Ventricular Arrhythmias. Drugs 31 (Suppl 4), 85–100 (1986). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198600314-00011

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