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Diuretics in Cardiac Oedema

  • Section 2: Diuretics: The Current Basis for Use
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Summary

Cardiogenic oedema results from an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure (either pulmonary or systemic). This increase produces a reduction in the plasma colloidosmotic pressure-capillary pressure gradient, facilitating the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space and reducing the circulating plasmatic volume.

The administration of diuretics to patients with acute ventricular dysfunction has both haemodynamic and renal effects, and causes a reduction in extravascular fluid.

In chronic heart failure, the use of diuretics may result in a haemodynamic improvement once the volaemia is reduced. However, in some patients diuretics may cause activation of the neurohumoral axis and consequently a transient haemodynamic deterioration.

Résumé

L’oedème cardiogénique résulte d’une augmentation de la pression hydrostatique capillaire (pulmonaire ou systémique). Cette augmentation entraîne une réduction du gradient de pression osmotique colloïdale plasmatique —pression capillaire, qui facilite l’accumulation de liquide dans le compartiment interstitiel et diminue le volume plasmatique circulant.

L’administration de diurétiques à des malades en insuffisance ventriculaire aiguë a deux effets: hémodynamique et rénal, et provoque une diminution du volume extravasculaire.

Dans l’insuffisance cardiaque chronique, les diurétiques peuvent améliorer l’hémodynamique a partir du moment où ils réduisent la volémie. Cependant, chez quelques malades, les diurétiques peuvent activer l’axe neurohumoral et donc détériorer transitoirement l’hémodynamique.

Zusammenfassung

Kardiale Oedème entstehen durch einen Anstieg des kapillaren hydrostatischen Drucks (entweder pulmonal oder systemisch). Dieser Anstieg verursacht eine Reduktion des Gradienten aus dem kolloid-osmotischen Druck-Kapillardruck und ermöglicht die Akkumulation von Flüssigkeit im interstitiellen Raum und die Reduktion des zirkulierenden Plasmavolumens.

Die Verabreichung von Diuretika bei Patienten mit akuter ventrikulärer Dysfunktion weist sowie hämodynamische als auch rénale Effekte auf und verursacht eine Verminderung der extravaskulären Flüssigkeit.

Bei chronischem Herzversagen kann die Anwendung von Diuretika zu einer hämodynamischen Verbesserung führen, sobald die Volumina reduziert sind. Bei einigen Patienten können die Diuretika jedoch eine Aktivierung der neurohumoralen Achse verursachen und in der Folge zu einer vorübergehenden hämodynamischen Verschlechterung führen.

Resumen

El edema cardiógeno es consecuencia de un aumento de presión hidrostática capilar (pulmonar o sistémica). Esta elevación produce una reducción del gradiente de presión coloidosmótica plasmática-presión capilar, que facilita la acumulación de líquido en el espacio intersticial y reduce el volumen plasmático circulante.

La administración de diuréticos a los pacientes con disfunción ventricular aguda ejerce efectos hemodinámicos y renales y da lugar a una reducción del liquido extravascular.

En la insuficiencia cardiaca crónica el uso de diuréticos se puede traducir en una mejoría hemodinámica una vez reducida la volemia. Sin embargo, en algunos patientes, los diuréticos pueden originar activatión del eje neurohumoral y, en consecuencia, un transitorio deterioro hemodinámico.

Resumo

Os edemas cardíacos resultam de um aumento na pressão hidrostática capilar (pulmonar ou sistêmica). Este aumento provoca a redução no gradiente de pressão capilar-coloidosmática do plasma, facilitando a acumulação de fluidos no espaço interstitial e reduzindo o volume plasmático de circulação.

A administração de diuréticos em patientes com disfunções agudas do ventrículo tem efeitos tanto hemodinâmicos como renais, causando uma redução de fluido extravascular.

No quadro das doenças cardíacas crônicas, o uso de diuréticos pode resultar numa melhora hemodinâmica, uma vez que a volemia tenha sido reduzida. Contudo, os diuréticos podem causar em alguns patientes a ativação do eixo neuro-humoral e consequentemente uma deterioração hemodinâmica transitória.

Riassunto

L’edema cardiaco è causato da un aumento della pressione idrostatica capillare (sia a livello polmonare che sistemico). Questo aumento riduce il gradiente pressione colloidoosmotica —pressione capillare plasmatica, tfacilitando l’accumulo di fluidi nello spazio interstiziale e riducendo il volume plasmatico circolante. La somministrazione di diuretici a pazienti con insufficienza ventricolare acuta produce effetti sia emodinamici che renali e riduce i fluidi extravascolari. Nello scompenso cardiaco cronico, l’uso dei diuretici può determinare un miglioramento emodinamico, una volta che la volemia sia ridotta. Tuttavia, in alcuni pazienti, i diuretici possono causare l’attivazione dell’asse neuroumorale e, di conseguenza, un transitorio deterioramento emodinamico.

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Ramires, J.A.F., Pileggi, F. Diuretics in Cardiac Oedema. Drugs 31 (Suppl 4), 68–75 (1986). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198600314-00008

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198600314-00008

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