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The Diuretic Dilemma and the Management of Mild Hypertension

  • Section 2: Diuretics: The Current Basis for Use
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Summary

Diuretics are used in first-step antihypertensive monotherapy or in combination with adrenergic-inhibiting agents in the majority of hypertensive patients in the United States. A 30-year experience has demonstrated that blood pressure is lowered to as great or greater a degree with diuretics than when many of the presently available antihypertensive drugs, including converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium entry blockers, β-or α-adrenergic inhibitors, or centrally acting sympatholytic agents, are used. Diuretics appear to be especially effective in the elderly and in black patients. All of the major hypertension clinical trials upon which we base our decisions for treatment have employed diuretics as step-1 therapy —with a reduction in morbidity and mortality. In addition, data suggest that more effective treatment of hypertension has contributed to the decrease of over 45% in deaths from cerebrovascular disease and the overall reduction of cardiovascular deaths over the past 15 to 20 years in the United States.

The debate concerning the long term safety of diuretic therapy has focused on the USA Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) results and several papers, suggesting that the lipid-raising or potassium-lowering properties of diuretics may produce adverse effects. Suggestions have been made that the use of other drugs without metabolic side effects may result in greater benefit with less risk, especially in the management of mild hypertension where the risk of the disease is not immediate or great. A review of the MRFIT and lipid data from long term studies has failed to establish the ‘toxicity’ of diuretic agents. In addition, recent studies have not confirmed previous observations that diuretic-induced hypokalaemia increases ventricular ectopy or contributes to sudden death. Although hypokalaemia should be avoided and corrected if it occurs, especially in patients with ischaemic heart disease, in the elderly, in patients with pretreatment ectopy or in patients on low potassium diets, the fear of this metabolic side effect of diuretics should not deter the physician from continuing the use of these agents both as monotherapy in most patients and as second-step therapy with an adrenergic-inhibiting drug.

Résumé

Les diurétiques sont utilisés, soit en monothérapie antihypertensive de première intention soit en association avec des médicaments inhibiteurs adrénergiques, chez la majorité des hypertendus des Etats-Unis. Une expérience de 30 ans a démontré qu’avec les diurétiques la pression sanguine est diminuée d’un degré égal ou supérieur à celui obtenu avec beaucoup d’antihypertenseurs disponibles actuellement, y compris les inhibitions de l’enzyme de conversion, les inhibiteurs calciques, les inhibiteurs β ou α adrénergiques, les sympatholytiques d’action centrale. Les diurétiques semblent particulièrement actifs chez le sujet âgé ou de race noire. Tous les grands essais cliniques sur l’hypertension, desquels nous tirons nos décisions thérapeutiques, ont utilisé les diurétiques en premier traitement avec une réduction de la morbidité et de la mortalité. De plus, les données suggèrent qu’aux Etats-Unis, un traitement plus efficace de l’hypertension a contribué à la diminution de l’incidence des infarctus du myocarde et à la réduction des morts par cause cardiovasculaire pendant les 15 à 20 dernières années.

Le débat concernant la sécurité à long terme d’un traitement diurétique a été centré sur les résultats de l’Essai sur l’Intervention de Facteurs Multirisques aux U. S. A. (Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, M.R.F.I.T.) et sur plusieurs publications qui suggèrent que les propriétés qu’ont les diurétiques d’augmenter les lipides ou d’abaisser le potassium peuvent être source d’effets indésirables. On a soutenu l’idée que l’utilisation de médicaments dépourvus d’effets latéraux métaboliques peut procurer un meilleur bénéfice avec moins de risques, particulièrement dans le traitement de l’hypertension légère où le risque tenant à la maladie n’est ni immédiat ni grand. Concernant les lipides, une revue des données du M.R.F.I. T. et d’études à long terme n’a pas permis d’établir la ‘toxicité’ des diurétiques. De plus, des études récentes n’ont pas confirmé les observations préalables sur l’augmentation de l’excitabilité ventriculaire par l’hypokaliémie due aux diurétiques ou son rôle dans les morts subites. S’il est vrai que l’hypokaliémie doive être évitée, ou corrigée si elle apparaît, particulièrement s’il s’agit de malades souffrant d’une maladie cardiaque ischémique, de sujets âgés, de malades prétraités pour ectopie, ou de malades ayant une alimentation pauvre en potassium, la crainte des effets métaboliques des diurétiques ne devrait pas détourner le médecin de l’utilisation de ces médicaments, que ce soit en monothérapie chez la plupart des malades ou en traitement complémentaire avec un médicament inhibiteur adrénergique.

Zusammenfassung

Diuretika werden als antihypertensive Monotherapie der ersten Stufe oder in Kombination mit Adrenerg-hemmenden Pharmaka in der Mehrzahl der hypertensiven Patienten in den Vereinigten Staaten eingesetzt. In einer 30-jährigen Erfahrung wurde gezeigt, daβ der Blutdruck in gleichem oder höherem Maβe mit Diuretika als durch viele der gegenwärtig verfügbaren Antihypertensiva gesenkt wird, einschlieβlich der Hemmstoffe des Converting Enzyme, Kalzium-Einstromblocker, β-oder α-Adrenerge-Inhibitoren oder zentral wirkende sympatholytische Pharmaka. Die Diuretika erscheinen besonders bei älteren und bei schwarzen Patienten wirksam zu sein. Alle gröβeren klinischen Hypertonie-Versuche, auf denen unsere Entscheidungen zur Behandlung beruhen, setzten Diuretika als Therapie der ersten Stufe mit einer Reduktion der Morbidität und Mortalität ein. Darüberhinaus führen die Daten zu der Vermutung, daβ eine stärker effektive Behandlung derHypertonie zu einer Abnahme der Häufigkeit von Myokardinfarkten und zur Reduktion von kardiovaskulären Todesfällen während der vergangenen 15–20 Jahren in den Vereinigten Staaten geführt hat.

Die Debatte über die Langzeitsicherheit einer diuretischen Therapie konzentrierte sich in den USA auf die Ergebnisse des Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) und auf verschiedene Veröffentlichungen, die vermuteten, daβ die Lipiderhöhenden oder Kaliumerniedrigenden Eigenschaften der Diuretika Nebenwirkungen erzeugen können. Es wurden Vermutungen geäuβert, daβ die Anwendung anderer Pharmaka ohne metabolische Nebenwirkungen insbesondere bei der Behandlung einer leichten Hypertonie, wo das Risiko der Erkrankung nicht unmittelbar oder groβ ist, zu einem gröβeren Nutzen mit geringerem Risiko führen könnte. Eine Übersicht der MRFIT-und Lipid-Daten aus Langzeitstudien war nicht in der Lage, die ‘Toxizität’ der Diuretika zu sichern. Auβerdem bestätigten neuere Untersuchungen nicht frühere Beobachtungen, daβ eine Diuretika-induzierte Hypokaliämie eine ventrikuläre Ektopie erhöht oder an plötzlichen Todesfällen beteiligt ist.

Wenn auch eine Hypokaliämie vermieden und, wenn sie auftritt, korrigiert werden sollte, insbesondere bei Patienten mit ischämischer Herzkrankheit, bei den Älteren und bei Patienten mit einer Ektopie vor der Behandlung sowie bei Patienten mit einer Diät von niedrigem Kaliumgehalt, sollte die Furcht vor diesen metabolischen Nebenwirkungen der Diuretika den Arzt nicht davon abhalten, diese Pharmaka weiter als Monotherapie bei den meisten Patienten oder als Therapie der zweiten Stufe mit einem Adrenerg-hemmenden Pharmakon einzusetzen.

Resumen

Los diuréticos se usan en la monoterapia hipotensora de primera etapa o en combinación con agentes adrenergi-coinhibidores en la mayoría de los pacientes hipertensos de los Estados Unidos. La experiencia de 30 años ha demostrado que la presión arterial disminuye en la misma o en mayor medida con los diuréticos que cuando se usan muchos de los hipotensores de los que se dispone actualmente, incluidos inhibidores enzimáticos, bloqueadores de la entrada de calcio, inhibidores β-o α-adrenérgicos y simpaticolíticos de acción central. Los diuréticos parecen ser especialmente efectivos en los ancianos y en los negros. Todos los ensayos clínicos de hipertensión en los que basamos nuestras decisiones de tratamiento han empleado diuréticos como terapéutica de primera etapa, con reducción de la morbididad y la mortalidad. Por lo demàs, hay datos que indican que el tratamiento más efectivo de la hipertensión ha contribuido a la disminución de la incidencia del infarto de miocardio y a la reducción de las muertes cardiovasculares en los Estados Unidos en los últimos 15–20 años.

El debate relativo a la inocuidad a largo plazo de la terapéutica diurética se ha centrado en los resultados del Ensayo de Intervención de Múltiples Factores de Riesgo (MRFIT) realizado en los Estados Unidos y en varios artículos que indican que las propiedades elevadoras de lípidos y reductoras de potasio de los diuréticos producirían efectos adversos. Se ha insinuado que el empleo de otros medicamentos sin efectos secundarios metabólicos resultaría de más beneficio con menores inconvenientes, especialmente en el tratamiento de la hipertensión leve, en la que el riesgo de la enfermedad no es inmediato o grande. La revisión de los datos de MRFIT y de los estudios prolongados sobre lípidos no ha podido establecer la ‘toxicidad’ de los diuréticos.

Por añadidura, investigaciones recientes no han confirmado las observaciones anteriores en el sentido de que la hipocaliemia inducida por diuréticos aumenta la ectopia ventricular y propicia la muerte repentina. Aunque la hipocaliemia debe evitarse, y corregirse cuando se presente, especialmente en los pacientes de cardiopatía isquémica, en los ancianos con ectopia en pretrata-miento y en los sujetos sometidos a dietas hipopotásicas, el temor a este efecto secundario metabólico no debe disuadir al médico de continuar usando estos fármacos como monoterapia en la mayoría de los pacientes y como terapéutica de segunda etapa con un inhibidor adrenérgico.

Resumo

Nos Estados Unidos os diuréticos são usados nas monoterapias para a hipertensão como drogas de primeira escolha ou combinados com agentes inibidores adrenérgicos na maioria dos pacientes com hipertensão. Uma experiência de 30 anos demonstrou que os diuréticos fazem baixar a pressão sanguinea tanto ou mais que muitas das drogas antihipertensivas atualmente disponiveis, incluindo os inibidores das enzimas de conversão, os antagonistas do cálcio, os beta-inibidores ou alfa-adrenérgicos ou ainda os agentes simpatolíticos de ação central. Os diuréticos parecem ser particularmente eficazes junto a pacientes idosos ou negros. Os mais importantes testes clínicos de hipertensão, nos quais baseamos nossas escolhas de tratamento, empregam diuréticos como drogas de primeira escolha —com uma redução na morbidade e na mortalidade. Além disso, há dados sugerindo que o tratamento mais efetivo da hipertensão arterial contribuiu para uma diminuição na incidência de enfartos do miocárdio e para a redução de mortes cardiovasculares, nos últimos 15 a 20 anos nos Estados Unidos.

O debate em torno da segurança a longo prazo da terapia à base de diuréticos concentrou-se nos resultados do Teste de Intervenção no Fator de Risco Múltiplo (TIFRM) norte-americano, bem como em diversos artigos, sugerindo que a propriedade dos diuréticos de baixar os lípidos e aumentar o potássio poderia produzir resultados adversos. Há sugestões de que o uso de outras drogas sem efeitos metabólicos colaterais possa resultar em maior benefício com menor risco, sobretudo no controle da hipertensão leve, onde o risco da doença não é imediato nem significativo. Examinando-se o TIFRM, além de outros dados sobre lípidos, oriundos de estudos a longo prazo, não se conseguiu estabelecer o grau de ‘toxicidade’ dos agentes diuréticos. Além disso, os estudos recentes não confirmaram as observações precedentes de que a hipopotassemia induzida por diuréticos intensificaria a ectopia do ventrículo esquerdo ou contribuiria para a morte súbita. Embora a hipopotassemia deva ser evitada, caso ocorra, sobretudo em pacientes portadores de doença cardíaca isquêmica, nos velhos, nos pacientes portadores de ectopia pré-tratada ou em pacientes submetidos a dietas com baixo teor de potássio, o temor de um tal efeito metabólico colateral dos diuréticos não deveria dissuadir o médico de continuar a usar estes agentes, tanto como monoterapia na maioria dos pacientes, como em terapia combinada com uma droga inibidora adrenérgica.

Riassunto

Negli Stati Uniti i diuretici sono usati nella maggioranza dei pazienti ipertesi come monoterapia di primo livello o in associazione con simpaticolitici. L’esperienza di 30 anni ha dimostrato che i diuretici riducono la pressione arteriosa in modo sovrapponibile o superiore a molti farmaci antiipertensivi attualmente disponibili, come gli inibitori dell’enzima convertente, i calcio-antagonisti, gli alfa-o beta-bloccanti, i simpaticolitici centrait. I diuretici sembrano particolarmente efficaci negli anziani e nei neri. Tutti i più importanti studi clinici controllati sull’ipertensione e sui quali basiamo le nostre decisoni sul trattamento, hanno utilizzato i diuretici come terapie di primo livello con una riduzione di morbilità e mortalità. Inoltre i dati suggeriscono che un più efficace trattamento dell’ipertensione ha contribuito a ridurre l’incidenza di infarto miocardico e a diminuire le morti cardiovascolari negli ultimi 15–20 anni negli Stati Uniti. Il dibattito sulla sicurezza a lungo termine della terapia diuretica si è incentrato sui risultati dello studio statunitense Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) e su altri lavori che suggeriscono che l’aumento di lipidi e la riduzione di potassio indotta dai diuretici possono produrre effetti dannosi. È stato suggerito che l’uso di altri farmaci privi di effetti collaterali metabolici possa essere di maggior utilità e di minor rischio, specialmente nel trattamento dell’ipertensione lieve in cui il rischio della malattia non è immediato o importante. Una revisione critica del MRFIT e dei dati sui lipidi negli studi a lungo termine non è riuscita a documentare la “tossicità” dei diuretici. Inoltre, studi recenti non hanno confermato osservazioni precedenti che l’ipopotassiemia indotta da diuretici aumenti l’ectopia ventricolare o contribuisca alla morte improvvisa. Sebbene l’ipopotassiemia dovrebbe essere evitata e corretta se si manifesta, specialmente in pazienti con cardiopatia ischemica, nei soggetti anziani, in pazienti con ectopie pretrattamento e in pazienti a dieta povera di potassio, la preoccupazione per questo effetto collaterale metabolico dei diuretici non dovrebbe impedire al medico di proseguire con questo trattamento, sia come monoterapia nella maggior parte dei pazienti, che come farmaco di secondo livello in associazione ad un simpaticolitico.

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Moser, M. The Diuretic Dilemma and the Management of Mild Hypertension. Drugs 31 (Suppl 4), 56–67 (1986). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198600314-00007

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