Summary
The cephalosporin antibiotics have been employed with increasing frequency since their introduction into clinical practice in the early 1960s. With the exception of cephaloridine, cephalosporin compounds are not associated with the production of significant untoward effects. The availability of newer cephalosporins, both oral and parenteral, with enhanced antibacterial activity, has expanded the clinical indications for administration of these antibiotics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abraham, E.P.: The cephalosporins. Pharmacological Reviews 14: 473–500 (1971).
Abraham, E.P. and Newton, C.C.F.: New penicillins, cephalosporin C, and penicillinase. Endeavour 20: 92–100 (1961).
Abraham, B.N.; Petz, L.D.; and Fudenberg, H.H.: Immunohaematological cross-allergenicity between penicillin and cephalothin in humans. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 3: 343–357 (1968).
Actor, P.; Pitkin, D.H.; Lucyszyn, G.; Weisbach, J.A. and Bran, J.L.: Cefatrizine (SKF 60771), a new oral cephalosporin: Serum levels and urinary recovery in humans after oral or intramuscular administration — comparative study with cephalexin and cefazolin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 9: 800–803 (1976).
Appelstein, J.M.; Crosby, E.B.; Johnson, W.D. and Kaye, D.: In vitro antimicrobial activity and human pharmacology of cephaloglycin. Applied Microbiology 16: 1006–1010 (1968).
Axelrod, J.; Meyers, B.R. and Hirschman, S.Z.: Cephapirin: in vitro antibacterial spectrum. Applied Microbiology 22: 904–908 (1971).
Barza, M.; Tally, F.P.; Jacobus, N.V. and Gorbach, S.L.: In vitro activity of LY127935. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 16: 287–292(1979).
Bassaris, H.P.; Quintiliani, R.; Maderazo, E.G.; Tilton, R.C. and Nightingale, C.H.: Pharmacokinetics and penetration characteristics of cefazolin into human spinal fluid. Current Therapeutic Research 19: 110–120 (1976).
Batchelor, F.R.; Dewdney, J.M. and Gazzard, D.: Penicillin allergy: The formation of the penicilloyl determinant. Nature (London) 206: 362–364 (1965).
Bax, R.P.; Dawson, A.F.; Mullinger, B.M. and Dash, C.H.: Cefuroxime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection. Current Medical Research and Opinion 5: 772–778 (1979).
Berg, S.W.; Kilpatrick, M.E.; Harrison, W.O. and McCutchan, J.A.: Cefoxitin as a single-dose treatment for urethritis caused by penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. New England Journal of Medicine 301: 509–511 (1979).
Bill, N.J. and Washington, J.A. II: Comparison of in vitro activity of cephalexin, cephradine, and cefaclor. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 11: 470–474 (1977).
Bodey, G.P. and Weaver, S.: In vitro studies of cefamandole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 9: 452–457 (1976).
Brandriss, M.W.; Smith, J.W.and Steinman, H.G.: Common antigenic determinants of penicillin G, cephalothin and 6-aminopenicillanic acid in rabbits. Journal of Immunology 94: 696–704 (1965).
Brorson, J.E. and Norrby, R.: Comparative in vitro activity of cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefuroxime and cephalothin. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 13 (Suppl.) 88–93 (1978).
Bryant, R.E. and Alford, R.H.: Unsuccessful treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis with cefazolin. Journal of the American Medical Association 237: 569–570 (1977).
Buck, R.E. and Price, K.E.: Cefadroxil, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 11: 324–330 (1977).
Burdash, N.M.; Ehrlich, M.A.; Ehrlich, H.G. and Parisi, J.T.: Electron microscopy of Proteus vulgaris exposed to cephalothin. Journal of Bacteriology 95: 1956–1960 (1968).
Carrizosa, J.; Levison, M.E. and Kaye, D.: Double-blind controlled comparison of phlebitis produced by cephapirin and cephalothin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 3: 306–307 (1973).
Chang, T.W. and Weinstein, L.: In vitro biological activity of cephalothin. Journal of Bacteriology 85: 1022–1027 (1963).
Chang, T.W. and Weinstein, L.: Inhibition of synthesis of the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus by cephalothin. Science 143: 807–808 (1964a).
Chang, T.W. and Weinstein, L.: Morphological changes in Gramnegative bacilli exposed to cephalothin. Journal of Bacteriology 88: 1790–1797 (1964b).
Chisholm, D.R.; Leitner, F.; Misiek, M.; Wright, G.E. and Price, K.D.: Laboratory studies with a new cephalosporanic acid derivative. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 244–246 (1969).
Cole, D.R. and Pung, J.: Penetration of cefazolin into pleural fluid. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 11: 1033–1035 (1977).
Cordero, A.: Treatment of soft tissue infections with cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin. Journal of International Medical Research 4: 176–178 (1976).
Cunha, B.A.; Gossling, H.R.; Pasternak, H.S.; Nightingale, C.H. and Quintiliani, R.: The penetration characteristics of cefazolin, cephalothin, and cephradine into bone in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 59A: 856–859(1977).
Cunha, B.A.; Klimek, J.; Nightingale, C. and Quintiliani, R.: Clinical evaluation of cefamandole in lower respiratory and urinary tract infections. Current Therapeutic Research 25: 584–589 (1979).
Currie, J.P.: Cephaloridine: Pharmacology and toxicology. Postgraduate Medical Journal 43 (Suppl.): 22–26 (1967).
Delgado, D.G.; Brau, C.J.; Cobbs, C.G. and Dismukes, W.E.: Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cefamandole in the therapy of Haemophilus species bronchopulmonary infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 15: 807–812 (1979).
Eickhoff, T.C. and Ehret, J.M.: In vitro comparison of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 9: 994–999 (1976).
Fass, R.J. and Prior, R.B.: Comparative in vitro activities of oral cephalosporins and competitive antibiotics against recent clinical isolates. Current Therapeutic Research 24: 352–365 (1978).
Flemming, P.C. and Jaffe, D.: The nephrotoxic effect of cephaloridine. Postgraduate Medical Journal 43 (Suppl): 89–90 (1967).
Friedrich, H.; Pelz, K. and Hansel-Friedrich, G.: Lack of penetration of cephacetril into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients without meningitis. Infection 7: 41–44 (1979).
Fu, K.P.; Aswapokee, P.; Ho, I.; Matthijssen, C. and Neu, H.C.: Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 16: 592–597 (1979).
Gardner, J.C.; Price, T.M.L. and Southwell, N.: Cephaloridine in the treatment of urmary proteus infections. Lancet 2: 725–727 (1966).
Geddes, A.M.; McGhie, D.; Ball, A.P. and Gould, I.: Studies with cefuroxime and cefoxitin. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 13 (Suppl.): 78–81 (1978).
Gralnick, H.R. and McGinniss, M.H.: Immune cross-reactivity of penicillin and cephalothin. Nature (London) 216: 1026–1027 (1967).
Gralnick, H.R.; Wright, L.D. Jr. and McGinniss, M.H.: Coombs’ positive reactions associated with sodium cephalothin therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association 199: 725–726 (1967).
Griffith, R.S. and Black, H.R.: Cephalothin — a new antibiotic. Journal of the American Medical Association 189: 823–828 (1964).
Griffith, R.S.and Black, H.R.: Cephalexin: A new antibiotic. Clinical Medicine 75: 14–22 (1968).
Henness, D.M.; Richards, D.; Santella, P.J. and Rubinfeld, J.: Oral bioavailability of cefadroxil, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin. Clinical Therapeutics 1: 263–273 (1978).
Inagaki, J. and Bodey, G.P.: Phlebitis associated with cephalosporins: Cephapirin versus cephalothin. Current Therapeutic Research 15: 37–43(1973).
Investigational Manual, LY127935, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA (1979).
Johnson, W.D.; Applestein, J.M. and Kaye, D.: Cephaloglycin: Clinical and laboratory experience with an orally administered cephalosporin. Journal of the American Medical Association 206: 2698–2702 (1968).
Jones, R.N. and Fuchs, P.C.: Comparison of in vitro antimicrobial activity of cefamandole and cefazolin with cephalothin against over 8,000 clinical bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 9: 1066–1069 (1976).
Jones, R.N.; Fuchs, P.C.; Gavan, T.L.; Gerlach, E.H.; Barry, A.L. and Thornsberry, C: Cefuroxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin: collaborative in vitro susceptibility comparison with cephalothin against 5,887 clinical bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 12: 47–50 (1977).
Jones, R.N.; Fuchs, P.C.; Thornsberry, C.; Barry, A.L.; Gavan, T.L. and Gerlach, E.H.: Cefaclor and cefatrizine, new investigational orally administered cephalosporins — in vitro collaborative evaluation against clinical bacterial isolates and comparison with related antimicrobics. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 72: 578–585 (1979).
Kabins, S.A. and Cohen, S.: Cephalothin serum levels in the azotemic patient. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 4: 207–214 (1964).
Kabins, S.A. and Cohen, S.: Cephaloridine therapy as related to renal function. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 5: 922–932 (1965).
Kaiser, G.V.; Gorman, M.and Webber, J.A.: Cefamandole — a review of chemistry and microbiology. Journal of Infectious Diseases 137 (Suppl.): S10–16 (1978).
Kammer, R.B. and Short, L.J.: Cefaclor — summary of clinical experience. Postgraduate Medical Journal 55 (Suppl.): 93–97 (1979).
Kaplan, K.; Reisberg, B.E. and Weinstein, L.: Cephaloridine: antimicrobial activity and pharmacologic behavior. American Journal of Medical Sciences 253: 667–674 (1967).
Klein, J.L.; Eickhoff, T.C.; Tilles, J.G. and Finland, M.: Cephalothin: Activity in vitro, absorption and excretion in normal subjects and clinical observations in 40 patients. American Journal of Medical Sciences 248: 640–656 (1964).
Klimek, J.J.; Nightingale, C. and Quintiliani, R.: Penetration of cephalosporin antibiotics into human atrial appendage tissue in patients undergoing open-heart surgery (abstract). Sixteenth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, pp. 27–29 (1976).
Knusel, F.; Konopka, E.A.; Geizer, J. and Rosselet, A.: Antimicrobial studies in vitro with CIBA 36278-Ba, a new cephalosporin derivative. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 140–149 (1970).
Kunin, C.M. and Brandt, D.: Comparative studies of ampicillin, cephalothin and a new cephalosporin derivative, cephaloglycin. American Journal of Medical Sciences 255: 196–201 (1968).
Lambin, S. and Bernard, J.: Mode of action in vitro of cephaloridine against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Postgraduate Medical Journal 43 (Suppl.): 42–46 (1967).
Landes, R.R.; McCormick, B.; Graham, R.; Melnick, I. and Brown, D.: Cephaloridine therapy for genitourinary infections. Southern Medical Association 60: 311–316 (1967).
Levinson, M.E.; Johnson, W.D.; Thornhill, T.S. and Kaye, D.: Clinical and in vitro evaluation of cephalexin. Journal of the American Medical Association 209: 1331–1336 (1969).
Levison, M.E.; Santoro, J. and Agarwal, B.N.: In vitro activity and pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in normal volunteers and patients with renal failure. Postgraduate Medical Journal 55 (Suppl. 4): 12–16 (1979).
Lode, H.; Stahlmann, R. and Koeppe, P.: Comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalexin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, and CGP 9000. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 16: 1–6 (1979).
Low, R.A.L. and Clarke, T.K.: Cephradine in urinary tract infections: A double-blind comparison with ampicillin. Current Medical Research and Opinion 3: 211–217 (1975).
Luthy, R.; Munch, R.; Blaser, J.; Bhend, H. and Siegenthaler, W.: Human pharmacology of cefotaxime (HR 756), a new cephalosporin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 16: 127–133 (1979).
Mangi, R.J., Kundargi, R.S.; Quintiliani, R. and Andriole, V.T.: Development of meningitis during cephalothin therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine 78: 347–351 (1973).
Meyers, B.R.; Kaplan, K. and Weinstein, L.: Cephalexin: Microbiological effects and pharmacologic parameters in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 10: 810–816 (1969).
Meyers, B.R.; Leng, B. and Hirschman, S.Z.: Cefamandole: Antimicrobial activity in vitro of a new cephalosporin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 8: 737–741 (1975).
Mirrett, S. and Relier, L.B.: Comparative activity in vitro of cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine. Current Therapeutic Research 26: 145–151 (1979).
Moellering, R.C., Jr.: Cefamandole — a new member of the cephalosporin family. Journal of Infectious Diseases 137 (Suppl.): S2–S9 (1978).
Moellering, R.C., Jr. and Swartz, M.N.: The newer cephalosporins. New England Journal of Medicine 294: 24–28 (1976).
Molthan, L.; Reidenberg, M.M. and Eichman, M.F.: Positive direct Coombs’ tests due to cephalothin. New England Journal of Medicine 277: 123–125 (1967).
Mouallem, R.: Comparative efficacy and safety of cephradine and cephalexin in children. Journal of International Medical Research 4: 265–271 (1976).
Muggleton, P.W.; O’Callaghan, C.H.; Foord, R.D.; Kirby, S.M. and Ryan, D.M.: Laboratory appraisal of cephalexin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy A 353–360 (1968).
Neu, H.C.: Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of cefamandole and other cephalosporin compounds. Journal of Infectious Diseases 137 (Suppl.): S80–S87 (1978).
Neu, H.C.; Aswapokee, N.; Fu, K.P. and Aswapokee, P.: Antibacterial activity of a new 1 -oxa cephalosporin compared with that of other β-lactam compounds. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 16: 141–149 (1979a).
Neu, H.C.; Fu, K.P.; Aswapokee, N.; Aswapokee, P. and Kung, K.: Comparative activity and β-lactamase stability of cefoperazone, a piperazine cephalosporin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 16: 150–157 (1979b).
Neu, H.C. and Winshell, E.B.: In vitro evaluation of cephacetrile, a new cephalosporin antibiotic. Journal of Antibiotics 25: 400–404 (1972).
Nightingale, C.H.; Greene, D.S. and Quintiliani, R.: Pharmacokinetics and clinical use of cephalosporin antibiotics. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 64: 1899–1927 (1975).
Oller, L.Z.: Cephaloridine in gonorrhoeae and syphilis. British Journal of Venereal Diseases 43: 39–47 (1967a).
Oller, L.Z.: Cephaloridine in early syphilis. Postgraduate Medical Journal 43 (Suppl.): 128–129 (1967b).
Parker, C.W.: Penicillin allergy. American Journal of Medicine 34: 747–749 (1963).
Parry, M.F.; Goldberger, M.J. and Neu, H.C.: Therapy of serious infections with cefamandole. Infection 6: 236–240 (1978).
Perkins, R.L.; Apicella, M.A.; Lee, I.; Cuppage, F.E. and Saslaw, S.: Cephaloridine and cephalothin: Comparative studies of potential nephrotoxicity. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 71: 75–84 (1968).
Perkins, R.L.; Saslaw, S. and Hackett, J.: Cephaloridine and cephalothin comparative in vitro evaluation. American Journal of Medical Sciences 253: 293–299 (1967).
Perkins, R.L.; Slama, T.G.; Fass, R.J.; Prior, R.B.; Plouffe, J.F.; Warner, J.F. and File, T.M.: Therapy of skin, soft tissue, and bone infections with cefoxitin sodium. Review of Infectious Diseases 1: 165–169 (1979).
Phillips, I.; King, A.; Warren, C. and Watts, B.: The activity of penicillin and eight cephalosporins on Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Journal of Antimicrobial Therapy 2: 31–39 (1976).
Pitt, J.; Siasoco, R.; Kaplan, K. and Weinstein, L.: Antimicrobial activity and pharmacological behavior of cephaloglycin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 630–635 (1967).
Quinn, E.L.; Pohloh, D.; Madhavan, T.; Burck, K.; Fisher, E. and Cox, F.: Clinical experience with cefazolin and other cephalosporins in bacterial endocarditis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 128 (Suppl.): 386–391 (1973).
Quintiliani, R. and Nightingale, C.H.: Diagnosis and treatment: Drugs five years later —cefazolin. Annals of Internal Medicine 89: 650–656 (1978).
Rahal, J.J., Jr.; Meyers, B.R. and Weinstein, L.: Treatment of bacterial endocarditis with cephalothin. New England Journal of Medicine 279: 1305–1309 (1968).
Ratzan, K.R.; Ruiz, C. and Irvin, G.L.: Biliary tract excretion of cefazolin, cephalothin, and cephaloridine in the presence of biliary tract disease. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 6: 462–431 (1974).
Regamey, C.; Libke, R.D.; Engelking, E.R.; Clarke, J.T. and Kirby, W.M.M.: Inactivation of cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cephalothin by methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Infectious Diseases 131: 291–294 (1975).
Ribner, B.S.; Billiard, B.S. and Freimer, E.H.: Clinical evaluation of cefatrizine in 101 patients. Current Therapeutic Research 24: 614–621 (1978).
Ribner, B.S.; Billiard, B.S. and Freimer, E.H.: Treatment of significant bacterial infections in adults with cefoxitin. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1: 152–157 (1979).
Robson, H.G. and Bowmer, M.I.: Treatment of pneumonia and other serious bacterial infections with cephapirin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 6: 274–281 (1974).
Sanders, W.E., Jr.; Johnson, J.E., III. and Taggart, J.G.: Adverse reactions to cephalothin and cephapirin. Uniform occurrence on prolonged intravenous administration of high doses. New England Journal of Medicine 290: 424–429 (1974).
Santella, P.J.; Tanrisever, B. and Berman, E.: An overview of results of world-wide clinical trials with cefadroxil. Journal of International Medical Research 6: 441–451 (1978).
Scholand, J.F.; Hodges, G.R.; Fass, R.J. and Saslaw, S.: Clinical evaluation of cephradine, a new oral cephalosporin. American Journal of Medical Sciences 267: 111–116 (1974).
Schrogie, J.J.; Davies, R.O.; Yeh, K.C.; Rogers, D.; Holmes, G.I.; Skeggs, H. and Martin, C.M.: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin sodium. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 4 (Suppl. B): 69–78 (1978).
Seneca, H.; Lattimer, J.K.; Reilly, M. and Peer, P.: Cephalothin in cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography. Journal of Urology 94: 489–491 (1965).
Seneca, H.; Peer, P. and Warren, B.: Treatment of urinary tract infections with cephaloridine. Journal of Urology 97: 154–155 (1967).
Shadomy, S.; Wagner, G. and Carver, M.: In vitro activities of five oral cephalosporins against aerobic pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 12: 609–613 (1977).
Shemonsky, N.K.; Carrizosa, J. and Levison, M.E.: In vitro activity and pharmacokinetics in patients of cefamandole, a new cephalosporin antibiotic. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 8: 679–683(1975).
Sheng, K.T.; Huang, N.N. and Promadhattavedi, V.: Serum concentrations of cephalothin in infants and children and placental transmissions of the antibiotic. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 200–206 (1964).
Siegel, M.S.; Thompson, S.E.; Perine, P.L.; Brown, S.T.; Reynolds, G. and Thornsberry, C.: Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis with cefoxitin: Comparison with penicillin. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1: 183–187 (1979).
Silver, M.S.; Counts, G.W.; Zeleznik, D. and Turck, M.: Comparison of in vitro antibacterial activity of three oral cephalosporins: Cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 12: 591–596 (1977).
Simon, H.J.; Axline, S.G. and Vosti, K.L.: Cephalothin. Its in vitro antibacterial spectrum as studied in a diagnostic laboratory. California Medicine 103: 395–399 (1965).
Sosna, J.P.; Murray, P.R. and Medoff, G.: Comparison of the in vitro activities of HR 756 with cephalothin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 14: 876–879 (1978).
Southern, P.M., Jr. and Sanford, J.P.: Meningococcal meningitis — suboptimal response to cephalothin therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 280: 1163–1165 (1969).
Stapley, E.O.; Birnbaum, J.; Miller, A.K.; Wallick, H.; Hendlin, D. and Woodruff, H.B.: Cefoxitin and cephamycins: Microbiological studies. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1: 73–87 (1979).
Stewart, G.T.: Cross allergenicity of penicillin G and related substances. Lancet 1: 509–510 (1962).
VanLanduyt, H.W. and Pyckavet, M.: In vitro activity of cefotaxime against cephalothin-resistant clinical isolates. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 16: 109–111 (1979).
VanWinzum, C.: Clinical safety and tolerance of cefoxitin sodium: An overview. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 4 (Suppi. B): 91–104 (1978).
Waterman, N.G.; Eickenberg, H.U. and Scharfenberger, L.: Concentration of cefamandole in serum interstitial fluid, bile, and urine. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 10: 733–735-(1976).
Webb, D.; Thadepalli, H. and Bach, V.: Cefoxitin therapy for bacterial endocarditis. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1: 170–174 (1979).
Weinstein, L.: The cephalosporins: Microbiological, chemical, and pharmacological properties and use in chemotherapy of infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 72: 729–739 (1970).
Weinstein, L.: Panel discussion of severe Gram-positive infections. Postgraduate Medical Journal 47 (Suppl. Feb): 94–102 (1971).
Weinstein, M.P. and Eickhoff, T.C.: Clinical evaluation of cefoxitin in the treatment of respiratory tract and other acute bacterial infections. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1: 158–164 (1979).
Wick, W.E.: Influence of antibiotic stability on the results of in vitro testing procedures. Journal of Bacteriology 87: 1162–1170 (1964).
Wick, W.E.: Cephalexin, a new orally absorbed cephalosporin antibiotic. Applied Microbiology 15: 765–769 (1967).
Wiesner, P.; MacGregor, R.; Bear, D.; Berman, S.; Holmes, K. and Turck, M.: Evaluation of a new cephalosporin antibiotic, cephapirin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1: 303–309 (1972).
Windorfer, A. and Gasteiger, U.: Studies on serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of cephacetrile in neonates. Infection 5: 242–247 (1977).
Wise, R.; Andrews, J.M. and Bedford, K.A.: LY127935, a novel oxa-β-lactam: An in vitro comparison with other β-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 16: 341–345 (1979).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weinstein, A.J. The Cephalosporins: Activity and Clinical Use. Drugs 20, 137–154 (1980). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198020020-00007
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198020020-00007