References
Hartung HP, Montalban X, Sorensen PS, Vermersch P, Olsson T. Principles of a new treatment algorithm in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11: 351–62.
Balak DM, Hengstman GJ, Çakmak A, Thio HB. Cutaneous adverse events associated with disease-modifying treatment in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Mult Scler 2012; 18: 1705–17.
Bosca I, Bosca M, Belenguer A, et al. Necrotising cutaneous lesions as a side effect of glatiramer acetate. J Neurol 2006; 253: 1370–1.
Feldmann R, Schierl M, Rauschka H, Sator PG, Breier F, Steiner A. Necrotizing skin lesions with involvement of muscle tissue after subcutaneous injection of glatiramer acetate. Eur J Dermatol 2009; 19: 385.
Harde V, Schwarz T. Embolia cutis medicamentosa following subcutaneous injection of glatiramer acetate. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007; 5: 1122–3.
Gaudez C, Regnier S, Aractingi S, Heinzlef O. Livedo-like dermatitis (Nicolau’s syndrome) after injection of Copolymer-1 (Glatiramer acetate). Rev Neurol (Paris) 2003; 159: 571–3.
Martínez-Morán C, Espinosa-Lara P, Nájera L, et al. Embolia cútis medicamentosa (síndrome de Nicolau) trasinyección de acetado de glatirámero. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2011; 102: 742–4.
Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983; 33: 1444–52.
Kluger N, Thouvenot E, Camu W, Guillot B. Cutaneous adverse events related to glatiramer acetate injection (copolymer-1, Copaxone). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 1332–3.
Frohman EM, Brannon K, Alexander S, et al. Disease modifying agent related skin reactions in multiple sclerosis: prevention, assessment, and management. MultScler 2004; 10: 302–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Samões, R., Carvalho, S., Alves, R. et al. Ischemic skin necrosis caused by glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Dermatol 24, 411–412 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2014.2349
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2014.2349