Abstract
The forward and reverse cDNA subtractive libraries before and after the toxic effect of α-amanitin were constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization and randomly selected clones from each subtractive library were screened by PCR and dot blot hybridization. A total of 85 genes with altered expression were finally identified, with 41 genes from the forward library and 44 from the reverse library. Subsequently, the antagonistic effects of candidate traditional Chinese medicines were evaluated based on the genetic transcription levels of the genes with significant altered expression, including Catnβ, Flt3-L, IL-7r and Rpo2-4. The results indicated that Silybum marianum (L.) Gaert and Ganoderma lucidum had significant down-regulated effects on the transcription level of Catnβ that was up-regulated by α-amanitin, and the two herbs also up-regulated the transcription levels of Flt3-L and Rpo2-4. Silybum marianum (L.) had significant up-regulated effects on the IL-7r that was down-regulated by α- amanitin. These preliminary studies suggested that Silybum marianum (L.) and Ganoderma lucidum were effective antagonists against the toxicity of α-amanitin.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abe, M., Akbar, F., Hasebe, A., Horiike, N., Onji, M. (2003) Glycyrrhizin enhances interleukin-10 production by liver dendritic cells in mice with hepatitis. J. Gastroenterol. 38, 962–967.
Akashi, K., Kondo, M., von Freeden-Jeffry, U., Murray, R., Weissman, I. L. (1997) Bcl-2 Rescues T Lymphopoiesis in interleukin-7 receptor–deficient mice. Cell 89, 1033–1041.
Anil, K. T., Chapla, A., Rana, P. S., Kenneth, R. S., Michael, L. G., Rajesh, A. (2003) Silibinin downregulates survivin protein and mRNA expression and causes caspases activation and apoptosis in human bladder transitional-cell papilloma RT4 cells. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 312, 1178–1184.
Bray, B. J., Goodin, M. G., Inder, R. E., Rosengren, R. J. (2001) The effect of retinol on hepatic and renal drug-metabolising enzymes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 39, 1–9.
Chen, W., Anissa, S. H. C., Amanda, J. D., Lin, X. Q., Bruce, R. B., Jeffrey, S. M. (2005) FLT3 Ligand administration after hematopoietic cell transplantation increases circulating dendritic cell precursors that can be activated by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to enhance T-cell and natural killer cell function. Biol. Blood Marrow Tr. 11, 23–34.
Chiu, S. W., Wang, Z. M., Leung, T. M., Moore, D. (2000) Nutritional value of Ganoderma extract and assessment of its genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity using comet assays of mouse lymphocytes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38, 173–178.
Clevers, H. (2006) Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in development and disease. Cell 127, 469–480.
Damgaard, J., Balslev, Y., Møllgaard, K., Wassermann, K. (1996) Ongoing activity of RNA polymerase? Precludes chromatin collapse and DNA fragmentation in chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 227, 677–683.
Englek, K. A., Lewis, E. W., Howard, B. H. (1998) Mechanisms of replication-deficient vaccinia virus/T7 RNA polymerase hybrid expression: Effect of T7 RNA polymerase levels and α-amanitin. Virology 243, 331–339.
Feng, J., Christopher, J. P., Branko, S. (2006) Gene expression profile of quiescent and activated rat hepatic stellate cells implicates Wnt signaling pathway in activation. J. Hepatol. 45, 401–409.
Floersheim, G. L. (1976) Tolerance to lethal doses of Amanita phalloides induced by small doses of the mushroom. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. 37, 455–459.
Fukuyama, S., Hiroi, T., Yokota, Y., Paul, D. R., Yanagita, M., Kinoshita, N., Terawaki, S., Shikina, T., Yamamoto, M., Kurono, Y. (2002) Initiation of NALT organogenesis is independent of the IL-7R LTβR, and NIK signaling pathways but requires the Id2 gene and CD3-CD4+CD45+ cells. Immunity 17, 31–40.
Gundala, S., Wells, L. D., Milliano, M. T., Talkad, V., Luxon, B. A., Brent, A. N. (2004) The hepatocellular bile acid transporter Ntcp facilitates uptake of the lethal mushroom toxin α-amanitin. Arch. Toxicol. 78, 68–73.
Hye, G. J., Ho, J. Y., Sung, J. P., Ae, R. M., Young, C. C., Shin, K. K., Hyo, K. C. (2002) Hepatoprotective effects of 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury: inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 expression. Pharmacol. Res. 46, 221–227.
Huang, M. F., Guo, L., Zheng, J., Jiang, Y. (2007) Study advances in pefilla frutescens. China Food Addit. 5, 85–89.
Jorgensen, S.M., Kleveland, E.J., Grimholt, U., Gjoen, T. (2006) Validation of reference genes for real-time polymerase chain reaction studies in atlantic salmon. Mar. Biotechnol. 8, 398–408.
Kundu, J. K., Choi, K. Y., Surh, Y. J. (2006) α-catenin-mediated signaling: A novel molecular target for chemoprevention with anti-inflammatory substances. BBA-Rev. Cancer 1765, 14–24.
Lin, S. B., Li, C. H., Lee, S. S., Kan, L. S. (2003) Triterpene-enriched extracts from Ganoderma lucidum inhibit growth of hepatoma cells via suppressing protein kinase C, activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and G2-phase cell cycle arrest. Life Sci. 72, 2381–2390.
Loranger, A., Tuchweber, B., Gicquaud, C., St-Pierre, S., Côté, M. G. (1985) Toxicity of peptides of Amanita virosa mushrooms in mice. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 5, 1144–1152.
Lü, B. J., Xu, J., Zhu, Y. M., Zhang, H., Lai, M. D. (2007) Systemic analysis of the differential gene expression profile in a colonic adenoma-normal SSH library. Clin. Chim. Acta 378, 42–47.
Moniuszko, M., Smith, Y. E., Venzon, D., Stevceva, L., Nacsa, J., Tryniszewska, E., Tsai, W. P., Franchini, G. (2006) Decreased number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that express the interleukin-7 receptor in blood and tissues of SIV-infected macaques. Virology 356, 188–197.
Nowak, T. S., Woodards, A. C., Jung, Y., Adema, C. M., Loker, E. S. (2004) Identification of transcripts generated during the response of resistant Biomphalaria glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni infection using suppression subtractive hybridization. J. Parasitol. 90, 1034–1040.
Osakabe, N., Yasuda, A., Natsume, M., Sanbongi, C., Kato, Y., Osawa, T., Yoshikawa, T. (2002) Rosmarinic acid, a major polyphenolic component of Perilla frutescens, reduces lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice. Free Radical Bio. Med. 33, 798–806.
Pan, D., He, N. H., Yang, Z. Y., Liu, H. P., Xu, X. (2005) Differential gene expression profile in hepatopancreas of WSSV-resistant shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) by suppression subtractive hybridization. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 29, 103–112.
Petrov, P., Sekeris, C. E. (1971) Early action of α-amanitin on extranucleolar ribonucleoproteins, as revealed by electron microscopic observation. Exp. Cell Res. 69, 393–400.
Saed, G. M., Kruger, M., Diamond, M. P. (2006) Enhanced matrix metalloproteinase expression by Tisseel in mesothelial cells, normal peritoneal fibroblasts, and adhesion fibroblasts. Eur. J. Plast. Surg. 28, 472–479.
Shi, Y., Mei, S. C. (2002) Methods of administration and calculating the dose. In: Jiang, D. P. (ed.) Medicine Animal Experiment Utility Manual. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, pp. 24–31.
Sian, E. N., Winter, S., Mottram, R. Miyan, J. A., Whetton A. D. (1999) Flt3 ligand can promote survival and macrophage development without proliferation in myeloid progenitor cells. Exp. Hematol. 27, 663–672.
Skottová, N., Vagera, Z. S., Vecera, R., Urbánek, K., Jegorov, A., Simánek, V. (2001) Pharmacokinetic study of iodine-labeled silibinins in rat. Pharmacol. Res. 44, 247–253.
Sobel, E. S., Wang, F., Butfiloski, E., Croker, B., Roberts, S. M. (2006) Comparison of chlordecone effects on autoimmunity in (NZBxNZW) F1 and BALB/c mice. Toxicology 218, 81–89.
Turton, J. A., Andrews, C. M., Havard, A. C., Robinson, S., York, M., Williams, T. C., Gibson, F. M. (2002) Haemotoxicity of thiamphenicol in the BALB/c mouse and Wistar Hanover rat. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40, 1849–1861.
Vanácová, S., Tachezy, J., Ullu, E., Tschudi, C. (2001) Unusual diversity in α-amanitin sensitivity of RNA polymerases in trichomonads. Mol. Biochem. Parasit. 115, 239–247.
Vogel, G., Braatz, R., Mengs, U. (1979) On the nephrotoxicity of α-amanitin and the antagonistic effects of silymarin in rats. Inflamm. Res. 19, 221–226.
Vogel, G., Tuchweber, B., Trost, W., Mengs, U. (1984) Protection by silibinin against Amanita phalloides intoxication in beagles. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. 73, 355–362.
Xiao, G. L., Li, X. M., Li, Z. J., Zhang, J., Li, J. (2006) 103 Patients with Amanita mushroom poisoning treated by Lingzhi Decoctio. J. TCM Univ. Hunan 5, 44–45.
Xu, D. Q., Xiong, Y. Z., Ling, X. F., Lan, J., Liu, M., Deng, C. Y., Jiang, S. W., Lei, M. G. (2005) Identification of a differential gene HUMMLC2B between F1 hybrids Landrace × Yorkshire and their female parents Yorkshire. Gene 352, 118–126.
Yao, X. L., Zhu, H. L., Lv, X. L. (2005) Inhibition effect on the Perilla extracts to hemolytic reaction induced by H2O2 and LPO formation in liver homogenate of mice. J. Tianjin Univ. TCM 3, 126–128.
Zhao, J., Cao, M., Zhang, J., Sun, Q., Chen, Q., Yang, Z. R. (2006) Pathological effects of the mushroom toxin α-amanitin on BALB/c mice. Peptides 27, 3047–3052.
Zhao, J., Zhang, J., Hou, R. T., Li, D. X., Yang, Z. R. (2003) Advances in the studies on toxins of Amanita. Chem. Ind. Forest Prod. 23, 90–96.
Zhang, X. W., Zhao, Z. Y. (2006) Therapeutic observation on compound glycyrrhizin for medicamentous liver lesion induced by chemotherapy. China Pharm. 18, 1408–1409.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Chinese National Programs for High Technology Research and Development (2007AA021506) and National Science and Technology Pillar Program in the Eleventh Five-year Period (2007BAD81B04).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, Q., Cao, M., Xiang, WL. et al. Study on Genes with Altered Expression in α-Amanitin Poisoned Mice and Evaluation on Antagonistic Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicines Against Toxicity of α-Amanitin. BIOLOGIA FUTURA 60, 281–291 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.60.2009.3.5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.60.2009.3.5