Abstract
This article has 3 objectives: (a) to chart current Thai sexual/gender-minority terminology and identities, (b) to identify challenges in the lives of sexual/gender minorities in Thailand, and (c) to evaluate how both identities and challenges are reflected in voluntary-sector counseling. The author summarizes terminology and issues from existing Thai and foreign studies and reports the results of a qualitative inquiry into the state of counseling in 3 Thai nongovernmental organizations. The Thai sexual/gender-minority identities charted include săaaw-pràphêet-soong/kàthoey gay (king, queen, quing), torn (one way, two way, gay), dee, les (king, queen), and bi. These individuals face a number of challenges, such as legal nonacknowledgment, prevention of HIV, insufficient health and psychological services, discrimination, and troubled relationships. In the voluntary sector, HIV/AIDS counseling is the service most often emphasized, but all of the challenges that these minorities face need to be addressed through both services and continued activism to effect societal changes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychological Association. (2000). Guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. American Psychologist, 55, 1440–1451.
Anchalee Warangrat, Thareerat Chemnasiri, & Wipas Wimonset. (2008/2551). [Evolution of research on men who have sex with men]. In Thanarak Phliphat & Kiratikan Klatsawat (Eds.), [Prevention and solving the problem of HIV infection among men who have sex with men] (pp. 39–50). Nonthaburi, Thailand: Bureau of Knowledge Management, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health.
Bondyopadhyay, A. (2008, January). Strapped for cash? HIV funding in the LGBT communities. Paper presented at the Third International Lesbian and Gay Association-Asia Regional Conference, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Cameron, L. (2006). Sexual health and rights. Sex workers, transgender people & men who have sex with men. Thailand. New York: Open Society Institute Public Health Program, Sexual Health and Rights Program.
Chaiyo Nithiubat. (2003/2546). [Communication for self disclosure of male homosexuals]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Chaloemphol Thammasunthorn. (2006/2549). [Sissy draftees: Negative consequences resulting from receiving ME 43, declaring mental illness]. Unpublished special-problem report, Burapha University, Bang Saen, Thailand.
Chantalak Raksayu. (2007/2550). [Statement of intention of article 30 in the 2550 constitution draft and the protection of the rights of persons who have sexual diversity]. [Rights Viewpoint], 6(2), 15.
Cook, N. M., & Jackson, P. A. (1999). Desiring constructs: Transforming sex/gender orders in twentieth-century Thailand. In P. A. Jackson & N. M. Cook (Eds.), Genders and sexualities in modern Thailand (pp. 1–27). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Costa, L. M., & Matzner, A. L. (2007), Male bodies, women’s souls: Personal narratives of Thailand’s transgendered youth. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Department of Mental Health. (2003/ 2545). [Sexual problems in children (and) youth]. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://www.thaimental.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=126
Gordon, R. G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.) [Electronic version]. Dallas, TX: SIL International.
Herder, T. (2006). Sexual rights and stigma: Social support for male sex workers in Chiang Mai. Unpublished master’s thesis, Malmö University, Sweden.
Jackson, P. A. (1997). Thai research on male homosexuality and transgenderism and the cultural limits of Foucaultian analysis. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 8(1), 52–85.
Jackson, P. A. (1999). Tolerant but unaccepting: The myth of a Thai “gay paradise.” In P. A. Jackson & N. M. Cook (Eds.), Genders and sexualities in modern Thailand (pp. 226–242). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Jackson, P. A. (2003, August). Performative genders, perverse desires: A bio-history of Thailand’s samesex and transgender cultures. Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, (9). Retrieved June 17, 2008, from http://intersections. anu.edu.au/issueq contents.html
Jackson, P. A., & Sullivan, G. (1999). A panoply of roles: Sexual and gender diversity in contemporary Thailand. In P. A. Jackson & G. Sullivan (Eds.), Lady boys, torn boys, rent boys: Male and female homosexualities in contemporary Thailand (pp. 1–27). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Janjira Bunprasert. (2007/2550). (Transgendered people) [The human rights of transgendered people, case of using titles]. [Rights Viewpoint], 6(3), 6.
Luhmann, N., & Laohasiriwong, W. (2006). The health risks and health care seeking behaviors of male-to-female transgender persons in Khon Kaen, Thailand. First implications for targeted prevention. Retrieved May 29, 2007, from http:// web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper Iuhmann.htm
Male rape. (2007/2550, January 17). [Male rape]. [Kom Chad Luek], p. 14.
Manitta Chanchai. (2003/2546). [Social identity of “Dee” and daily life routine of Tom’s lady lover]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Mathana Chetami. (1996/2539). [Way of life and family life of lesbians]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
ME document declares “permanent psychosis.” (2006/2549, November 30). [ME Document declares “permanent psychosis” — “Nong Nam Wan,” sissy student, sues Ministry of Defense to solve the problem]. [Thai Rath], pp. 1,12.
Nantaya Chooprasert. (2001). The psychological adjustment of covert and overt lesbians at the Anjaree group. Unpublished master’s thesis, Assumption University, Bangkok, Thailand.
National Human Rights Commission of Thailand. (2008/2551, March). 2547-2549 [Evaluative report on the human rights situation in the field of sexual diversity in the years 2004–2006 (Draft)]. Bangkok, Thailand: Author.
National Human Rights Commission of Thailand & Rainbow Sky Association of Thailand. (2007/2550). [Human rights of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender and intersex people]. Bangkok, Thailand: Authors.
Pichai Uckaradejdumrong. (1996). Psychological adjustment of covert and overt Thai male homosexuals. Unpublished master’s thesis, Assumption University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Piyarat Martin. (2003/2546). [Educational approach for the understanding of homosexual life]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Prempreeda Pramoj na Ayutthaya. (2007/2550). Fluidity of Thai queer sexualities and their experiences of accessing sexual health care. Unpublished master’s thesis, Mahidol University, Salaya (Nakhon Pathom), Thailand.
Prempreeda Pramoj na Ayutthaya. (2008/2551, November). Sexual fluidity within bisexuality in Thailand [Draft version; permission to cite obtained from the author]. Paper presented at the Seventh Thai Studies Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.
Purin Naksing. (2004/2547). [Gay: Identity development and sexual lifestyle]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Sanders, D. (2008, January). The Rainbow Lobby: The Sexual Diversity Network and the militaryinstalled government in Thailand. Paper expanded from a version presented at the Third International Lesbian and Gay Association-Asia Regional Conference, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Sinnott, M. (1999). Masculinity and tom identity in Thailand. In P. A. Jackson & G. Sullivan (Eds.), Lady boys, torn boys, rent boys: Male and female homosexualities in contemporary Thailand (pp. 94–116). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Sinnott, M. (2004). Toms and dees: Transgender identity and female same-sex relationships in Thailand. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Somchai Suja, Sasiraporn Sutanyawatchai, & Supawinee Siri. (2005/2548). [Quality of life in male to female transsexual using and not using female hormone therapies]. Unpublished special-problem report, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Somrudee Sanguankaew. (2003/2546). [The development and maintenance process of “transgender” in Muslim society]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (1999). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Sulaiporn Chonwilai. (2002/2545). [Narrating selves: Negotiating lesbian identity]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Sulaiporn Chonwilai. (Ed.). (2007/2550). [Shifting sex—Identity, gender and sexuality within a health perspective]. Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: The Southeast Asian Consortium on Gender, Sexuality and Health.
Sulaiporn Chonwilai. (2009a/2552). [Kàthoey]. In Sulaiporn Chonwilai & Pimpawun Boonmongkon (Eds.), [Sexual language in Thai society: Power, rights and sexual well-being] (pp. 151–164). Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: The Southeast Asian Consortium on Gender, Sexuality and Health & National Human Rights Commission of Thailand.
Sulaiporn Chonwilai. (2009b/2552). In Sulaiporn Chonwilai & Pimpawun Boonmongkon (Eds.), [Sexual language in Thai society: Power, rights and sexual well-being] (pp. 165–174). Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: The Southeast Asian Consortium on Gender, Sexuality and Health & National Human Rights Commission of Thailand.
Sulaiporn Chonwilai & Pimpawun Boonmongkon. (Eds.). (2009/2552). [Conclusion]. In Sulaiporn Chonwilai & Pimpawun Boonmongkon (Eds.), [Sexual language in Thai society: Power, rights and sexual well-being] (pp. 241–256). Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: The Southeast Asian Consortium on Gender, Sexuality and Health & National Human Rights Commission of Thailand.
Sutham Thammarongwith. (2005/2548). [Power and resistance: Gays in a heterosexist society]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Tapanya, S. (2001). Psychology in medical settings in Thailand. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 8, 69–72.
Terdsak Romjumpa. (2002/2545). 2508-2542 [Discourses on “gay” in Thai society between 2508–2542 B.E.]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Thanaphong Khuankhong. (n.d.). [Why “person loving the same phêet”?]. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http:// www.dmh.go.th/1667/1667view.asp?id=3620
Thanarak Phliphat, Kiratikan Klatsawat, Fritz van Griensven, & Wipas Wimonset. (2008/2551). [Results of prevalence surveillance of HIV infection; men who have sex with men in Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Phuket]. In Thanarak Phliphat & Kiratikan Klatsawat (Eds.), [Prevention and solving the problem of HIV infection among men who have sex with men] (pp. 1–9). Nonthaburi, Thailand: Bureau of Knowledge Management, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health.
Totman, R. (2003). The third sex—Kathoey: Thailand’s ladyboys. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Totsaworn Maneesrikum. (2002/2545). [Designating gay to be the otherness]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand.
U-sa Sripanich. (1998/2541). [Life histories of male transsexuals]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Warunee Saengkanjanawanich. (2003/2546). [Life without identity of kathoey who have a sex change]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Watcharin Noosomton. (2003/2546). [Life and work of the male transgenders]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Winter, S. (2002). Country report: Thailand. Retrieved May 29, 2007, from http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/ TransgenderASIA/country_ report_thailand.htm
Winter, S. (2003, June). Research and discussion paper: Language and identity in transgender: Gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki. Retrieved May 29, 2007, from http://web. language_and_identity.htm
Winter, S. (2006a). Thai transgenders in focus: Demographics, transitions and identities. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(1), 15–27.
Winter, S. (2006b). Thai transgenders in focus: Their beliefs about attitudes towards and origins of transgender. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(2), 47–62.
Winter, S. (2006c, November). What made me this way? Contrasting reflections by Thai and Filipina transwomen. Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, (14). Retrieved December 18, 2008, from http://intersections.anu. edu.au//issue14/winter.htm
Winter, S. (2007, April). Transphobia, a price worth paying for gender identity disorder? Paper presented at First World Congress for Sexual Health (18th Congress of the World Association for Sexology), Sydney, Australia. Retrieved May 29, 2007, from http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/ WAS2007paper.htm
Winter, S., & Udomsak, N. (2002). Male, female and transgender: Stereotypes and self in Thailand. International Journal of Transgenderism, 6(1). Retrieved May 11, 2007, from http://www.symposion. com/ijt/ijtv006n00_04.htm
Wipha Danthamrongkul & Wichai Posayajinda. (Eds.). (2004/2547). [Social networks and sexual relations of the group of men who like men]. Bangkok, Thailand: Chulalongkorn University, Department of Research on Drugs of Abuse, Research Institute of Medical Science.
Worasinan Tantirattanawong & Kiratikan Klatsawat. (2008/2551). [National response to HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men]. In Thanarak Phliphat & Kiratikan Klatsawat (Eds.), [Prevention and solving the problem of HIV infection among men who have sex with men] (pp. 10–19). Nonthaburi, Thailand: Bureau of Knowledge Management, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health.
Yutthana Suwanpradit. (2000/2543). [Rights and liberties of male homosexual under the constitutional law: Analyzing from Thai social problems]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ojanen, T.T. Sexual/gender minorities in Thailand: Identities, challenges, and voluntary-sector counseling. Sex Res Soc Policy 6, 4–34 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2009.6.2.4
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2009.6.2.4