Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Enzyme-assisted extraction of citrus essential oil

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Chemical Papers Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Citrus peels are underutilized in the processing industry and are commonly considered as waste as their chemical composition varies. However, it is possible to recover some value-added products, one of them being essential oil, which is widely used in the food industry. Due to the current increase in global demand for citrus essential oils, it is necessary to implement processes directed to the maximum recovery of oil from waste peels. Numerous efforts have been made without achieving significant improvements in yields. In this work, enzymatic pretreatments of orange, lemon, and grapefruit peels were applied to achieve increased yields of essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation. In two of the sources it was possible to increase the essential oil yield from two to six times. Moreover, a significant amount of fermentable sugars which can be used in the production of certain other compounds of interest through fermentation was obtained.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alonso-Gutierrez, J., Chan, R., Batth, T. S., Adams, P. D., Keasling, J. D., Petzold, C. J., & Lee, T. S. (2013). Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for limonene and perillyl alcohol production. Metabolic Engineering, 19, 33—41. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.05.004.

  • AOAC International (2012). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International (19th ed.). Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berna, A., Tarrega, A., Blasco, M., & Subirats, S. (2000). Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from orange peel; effect of the height of the bed. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 18, 227–237. DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8446(00)00082-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, M. K. (2000). Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology. Biotechnology Advances, 18, 355—383. DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(00)00041-0.

  • Blanco Tirado, C., Stashenko, E. E., Combariza, M. Y., & Martínez, J. R. (1995). Comparative study of Colombian citrus oils by high-resolution gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 697, 501–513. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00955-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boluda-Aguilar, M., & López-Gómez, A. (2013). Production of bioethanol by fermentation of lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel wastes pretreated with steam explosion. Industrial Crops and Products, 41, 188–197. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.031.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bousbia, N., Abert-Vian, M., Ferhat, M. A., Meklati, B. Y., & Chemat, F. (2009). A new process for extraction o essential oil from Citrus peels: Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity. Journal of Food Engineering, 90, 409–413. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.06.034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, I. S., Kim, J. H., Wi, S. G., Kim, K. H., & Bae, H. J. (2013). Bioethanol production from mandarin (Citrus unshiu) peel waste using popping pretreatment. Applied Energy, 102, 204–210. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.066.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coll, L., Saura, D., Ruiz, M. P., Ros, J. M., Cánovas, L. A., & Laencina, J. (1995). Viscometric control in the enzymatic extraction of citrus peel oils. Food Control, 5, 143–146. DOI: 10.1016/0956-7135(95)00010-o.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2012). Comercio y mercados. Mercados de productos agrícolas. Frutos cítricos. Retrieved November 26, 2014, from http://www.fao.org (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferhat, M. A., Meklati, B. Y., Smadja, J., & Chemat, F. (2006). An improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation of essential oil from orange peel. Journal of Chromatography A, 1112, 121–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, X. F., Han, D. M., Xi, H. P., Rao, L., Liao, X. J., Hu, X. S., & Wu, J. H. (2012). Extraction of pectin from navel orange peel assisted by ultra-high pressure, microwave or traditional heating: A comparison. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88, 441–448. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.12.026.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegazy, M. E. F., Mohamed, T. A., ElShamy, A. I., Mohamed, A. E. H. H., Mahalel, U. A., Reda, E. H., Shaheen, A. M., Tawfik, W. A., Shahat, A. A., Shams, K. A., Abdel-Azim, N. S., & Hammouda, F. M. (2015). Microbial biotransformation as a tool for drug development based on natural products from mevalonic acid pathway: A review. Journal of Advanced Research, 6, 17–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.11.009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosni, K., Zahed, N., Chrif, R., Abid, I., Medfei, W., Kallel, M., Brahim, N. B., & Sebei, H. (2010). Composition of peel essential oils from four selected Tunisian Citrus species: Evidence for the genotypic influence. Food Chemistry, 123, 1098–1104. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.068.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lago, S., Rodríguez, H., Arce, A., & Soto, A. (2014). Improved concentration of citrus essential oil by solvent extraction with acetate ionic liquids. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 361, 37–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2013.10.036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohrasbi, M., Pourbafrani, M., Niklasson, C., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2010). Process design and economic analysis of a citrus waste biorefinery with biofuels and limonene as products. Bioresource Technology, 101, 7382–7388. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marín, F. R., Soler-Rivas, C., Benavente-García, O., Castillo, J., & Pérez-Alvarado, J. A. (2007). By-products from different citrus processes as a source of customized functional fibers. Food Chemistry, 100, 736–741. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.040.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masmoudi, M., Besbes, S., Chaabouni, M., Robert, C., Paquot, M., Blecker, C., & Attia, H. (2008). Optimization of pectin extraction from lemon by-product with acidified date juice using response surface methodology. Carbohydrate Polymers, 74, 185–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.02.003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minh Tu, N. T., Thanh, L. X., Une, A., Ukeda, H., & Sawamura, M. (2002). Volatile constituents of Vietnamese pummelo, orange, tangerine and lime peel oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17, 169–174. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1076.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misharina, T. A., Terenina, M. B., Krikunova, N. I., & Kalinichenko, M. A. (2011). The influence of the composition of essential lemon oils o their antioxidant properties and the stability of the components. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 37, 883–887. DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011070168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, N. (1944). A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 153, 375–380.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Njoroge, S. M., Koaze, H., Karanja, P. N., & Sawamura, M. (2005). Volatile constituents of redblush grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and pummelo (Citrus grandis) peel essential oil from Kenya. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 9790–9794. DOI: 10.1021/jf051373s.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oberoi, H. S., Vadlani, P. V., Nanjundaswamy, A., Bansal, S., Singh, S., Kaur, S., & Babbar, N. (2011). Enhanced ethanol production from Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) waste via a statistically optimized simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. Bioresource Technology, 102, 1593–1601. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pourbafrani, M., Forgacs, G., Sarvari Horvath, I., Niklasson, C., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2010). Production of biofuels, limonene and pectin from citrus wastes. Bioresource Technology, 101, 4246–4250. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.077.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raeissi, S., Diaz, S., Espinosa, S., Peters, C. J., & Brignole, E. A. (2008). Ethane as an alternative solvent for supercritical extraction of orange peel oils. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 45, 306–313. DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.01.008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezzadori, K., Benedetti, S., & Amante, E. R. (2012). Proposals for the residues recovery: Orange waste as raw material for new products. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90, 606–614. DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2012.06.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezzoug, S. A., & Louka, N. (2009). Thermomechanical process intensification for oil extraction from orange peels. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 10, 530–536. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2009.05.008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivas, B., Torrado, A., Torre, P., Convertí, A., & Domínguez, J. M. (2008). Submerged citric acid fermentation on orange peel autohydrolysate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 2380–2387. DOI: 10.1021/jf073388r.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas, J. P. L., Perea, A. V., & Stashenko, E. E. (2009). Obtención de aceites esenciales y pectinas a partir de subproductos de jugos cítricos. Vitae, Revista de la Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, 16, 110–115. (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahraoui, N., Abert-Vian, M., El Maataoui, M., Boutekedjiret, C., & Chemat, F. (2011). Valorization of citrus byproducts using microwave steam distillation (MSD). Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 12, 163–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2011.02.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, P., Shukla, R., Prakash, B., Kumar, A., Singh, S., Mishra, P. K., & Dubey, N. K. (2010). Chemical profile, anifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity of Citrus maxima Burm. and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck essential oils and their cyclic monoterpene, dl-limonene. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 1734–1740. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sowbhagya, H. B., Sushma, S. B., Rastogi, N. K., & Naidu, M. M. (2013). Effect of pretreatments on extraction of pigment from marigold flower. Journal of Food Science and Technolgy, 50, 122–128. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0313-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueno, H., Tanaka, M., Hosino, M., Sasaki, M., & Goto, M. (2008). Extraction of valuable compounds from the flavedo of Citrus junos using subcritical water. Separation and Purification Technology, 62, 513–516. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, M., Widmer, W. W., Grohmann, K., & Cameron, R. G. (2007). Hydrolysis of grapefruit peel waste with cellulase and pectinase enzymes. Bioresource Technology, 98, 1596–1601. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.06.022.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Research Department, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, México

    Mónica L. Chávez-González, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, Juan C. Contreras-Esquivel & Cristóbal N. Aguilar

  2. Organic Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, México

    Lluvia I. López-López

Authors
  1. Mónica L. Chávez-González
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lluvia I. López-López
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Juan C. Contreras-Esquivel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Cristóbal N. Aguilar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cristóbal N. Aguilar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chávez-González, M.L., López-López, L.I., Rodríguez-Herrera, R. et al. Enzyme-assisted extraction of citrus essential oil. Chem. Pap. 70, 412–417 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2015-0234

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2015-0234

Keywords

Search

Navigation