Article PDF
References
DeLellis RA, Williams ED, LiVolsi V, et al 2004 Tumours of the Thyroid and Parathyroid. In: DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (eds) WHO Classification of Tumours: Pathology & Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs, Lyon: IARC Press; pp, 51–103.
Williams ED 2000 Guest Editorial: Two Proposals Regarding the Terminology of Thyroid Tumors. Int J Surg Pathol 8: 181–183.
Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW, et al, 2005 Management of thyroid nodules detected at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference statement. Radiology 237: 794–800.
Varverakis E, Neonakis E, 2002 Contribution of high-resolution ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of benign from malignant thyroid nodules. Hormones (Athens) 1: 51–56.
Gharib H, 1997 Changing concepts in the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 26: 777–800.
Carpi A, Ferrari E, Toni MG, et al, 1996 Needle aspiration techniques in preoperative selection of patients with thyroid nodules: a long-term study. J Clin Oncol 14: 1704–1712.
Lowhagen T, Granberg PO, Lundell G, et al, 1979 Aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) in nodules of the thyroid gland suspected to be malignant. Surg Clin North Am 59: 3–18.
Schmid KW, Farid NR, 2006 How to define follicular thyroid carcinoma? Virchows Arch 448: 385–393.
Chan JKC, Hirokawa, M, Evans H, et al 2004 Tumours of the Thyroid and Parathyroid: Follicular adenoma. In: DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (eds) WHO Classification of Tumours: Pathology & Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs, Lyon: IARCPress; pp, 98–103.
Franc B, de la Salmoniere P, Lange F, et al, 2003 Interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility in the histopathology of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Hum Pathol 34: 1092–1100.
Lang W, Georgii A, Stauch G, Kienzle E, 1980 The differentiation of atypical adenomas and encapsulated follicular carcinomas in the thyroid gland. Virchows Arch. A Pathol Anat Histol 385: 125–141.
Lang W, Choritz H, Hundeshagen H, 1986 Risk factors in follicular thyroid carcinomas. A retrospective follow-up study covering a 14-year period with emphasis on morphological findings. Am J Surg Pathol 10: 246–255.
Schmid KW, Totsch M, Ofner D, et al, 1997 Minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma: a clinico-pathological study. Curr Top Pathol 91: 37–43.
Faggiano A, Caillou B, Lacroix L, et al, 2007 Functional characterization of human thyroid tissue with immunohistochemistry. Thyroid 17: 203–211.
Paschke R, Ludgate M, 1997 The thyrotropin receptor in thyroid diseases. N Engl J Med 337: 1675–1681.
Trulzsch B, Krohn K, Wonerow P, et al,2001 Detection of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and Gsalpha mutations: in 75 toxic thyroid nodules by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J Mol Med 78: 684–691.
Sykiotis PG, Sgourou A, Papachatzopoulou A, et al, 2002 A somatic mutation in the thyrotropin receptor gene in a patient with an autonomous nodule within a mulitnodular goiter. Hormones (Athens) 1: 42–46.
Fagin JA, 2002 Mini review: branded from the start-distinct oncogenic initiating events may determine tumor fate in the thyroid. Mol Endocrinol 16: 903–911.
Kondo T, Ezzat S, Asa SL, 2006 Pathogenetic mechanisms in thyroid follicular-cell neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer 6: 292–306.
Chung KW, Yang SK, Lee GK, et al, 2006 Detection of BRAFV600E mutation on fine needle aspiration specimens of thyroid nodule refines cyto-pathology diagnosis, especially in BRAF600E mutation-prevalent area. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65: 660–666.
Tetzlaff MT, LiVolsi V, Baloch ZW, 2006 Assessing the utility of a mutational assay for B-RAF as an adjunct to conventional fine needle aspiration of the thyroid gland. Adv Anat Pathol 13: 228–237.
Cohen Y, Rosenbaum E, Clark DP, et al, 2004 Mutational analysis of BRAF in fine needle aspiration biopsies of the thyroid: a potential application for the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules. Clin Cancer Res 10: 2761–2765.
Jin L, Sebo TJ, Nakamura N, et al, 2006 BRAF mutation analysis in fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of the thyroid. Diagn Mol Pathol 15: 136–143.
Pizzolanti G, Russo L, Richiusa P, et al, 2007 Fine-need le aspiration molecular analysis for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma through BRAF(V600E) mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement. Thyroid 17: 1109–1115.
Rowe LM, Bentz BM, Bentz JM, 2006 Utility of BRAF V600E mutation detection in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Cytojournal 3: 10.
Salvatore G, Giannini R, Faviana P, et al, 2004 Analysis of BRAF point mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement refines the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 5175–5180.
Sapio MR, Posca D, Raggioli A, et al, 2007 Detection of RET/PTC, TRK and BRAF mutations in preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytological findings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 66: 678–683.
Kim KH, Kang DW, Kim SH, et al, 2004 Mutations of the BRAF gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma in a Korean population. Yonsei Med J 45: 818–821.
Kim TY, Kim WB, Song JY, et al, 2005 The BRAFV600E mutation is not associated with poor prognostic factors in Korean patients with conventional papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology 63: 588–593.
Trulzsch B, Krohn K, Wonerow P, Paschke R, 1999 DGGE is more sensitive for the detection of somatic point mutations than direct sequencing. Biotechniques 27: 266–268.
Zhu Z, Ciampi R, Nikiforova MN, et al, 2006 Prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements in thyroid papillary carcinomas: effects of the detection methods and genetic heterogeneity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 3603–3610.
Rhoden KJ, Unger K, Salvatore G, et al, 2006 RET/papillary thyroid cancer rearrangement in nonneoplastic thyrocytes: follicular cells of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis share low-level recombination events with a subset of papillary carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 2414–2423.
Cheung L, Messina M, Gill A, et al, 2003 Detection of the PAX8-PPAR gamma fusion oncogene in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 354–357.
Marques AR, Espadinha C, Catarino AL, et al, 2002 Expression of PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 3947–3952.
Nikiforova MN, Biddinger PW, Caudill CM, et al, 2002 PA X8-PPA Rgamma rea r rangement in thyroid tumors: RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. Am J Surg Pathol 26: 1016–1023.
Eszlinger M, Krohn K, Kukulska A, et al, 2007 Perspectives and Limitations of Microarray-Based Gene Expression Profiling of Thyroid Tumors. Endocr Rev 28: 322–338.
Aogi K, Kitahara K, Buley I, et al, 1998 Telomerase activity in lesions of the thyroid: application to diagnosis of clinical samples including fine-needle aspirates. Clin Cancer Res 4: 1965–1970.
Bernet VJ, Anderson J, Vaishnav Y, et al, 2002 Determination of galectin-3 messenger ribonucleic acid overexpression in papillary thyroid cancer by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 4792–4796.
Casey MB, Lohse CM, Lloyd RV, 2003 Distinction between papillary thyroid hyperplasia and papillary thyroid carcinoma by immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 19, galectin-3, and HBME-1. Endocr Pathol 14: 55–60.
Haugen BR, Nawaz S, Markham N, et al, 1997 Telomerase activity in benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Thyroid 7: 337–342.
Inohara H, Honjo Y, Yoshii T, et al, 1999 Expression of galectin-3 in fine-needle aspirates as a diagnostic marker differentiating benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms. Cancer 85: 2475–2484.
Ippolito A, Vella V, La Rosa GL, et al, 2001 Immunostaining for Met/HGF receptor may be useful to identify malignancies in thyroid lesions classified suspicious at fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Thyroid 11: 783–787.
Mase T, Funahashi H, Koshikawa T, et al, 2003 HBME-1 immunostaining in thyroid tumors especially in follicular neoplasm. Endocr J 50: 173–177.
Raphael SJ, 2002 The meanings of markers: ancillary techniques in diagnosis of thyroid neoplasia. Endocr Pathol 13: 301–311.
Sack MJ, Astengo-Osuna C, Lin BT, et al, 1997 HBME-1 immunostaining in thyroid fine-needle aspirations: a useful marker in the diagnosis of carcinoma. Mod Pathol 10: 668–674.
Saggiorato E, Cappia S, De Giuli P, et al, 2001 Galectin-3 as a presurgical immunocytodiagnostic marker of minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 5152–5158.
Huang Y, Prasad M, Lemon WJ, et al, 2001 Gene expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma reveals highly consistent profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 98: 15044–15049.
Jarzab B, Wiench M, Fujarewicz K, et al, 2005 Gene expression profile of papillary thyroid cancer: sources of variability and diagnostic implications. Cancer Res 65: 1587–1597.
Kholova I, Ryska A, Ludvikova M, et al, 2003 Dipeptidyl peptidase IV expression in thyroid cytology: retrospective histologically confirmed study. Cytopathology 14: 27–31.
Giannini R, Faviana P, Cavinato T, et al, 2003 Galectin-3 and oncofetal-fibronectin expression in thyroid neoplasia as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunochemistry in cytologic and pathologic specimens. Thyroid 13: 765–770.
Papotti M, Rodriguez J, De Pompa R, et al, 2005 Galectin-3 and HBME-1 expression in well-differentiated thyroid tumors with follicular architecture of uncertain malignant potential. Mod Pathol 18: 541–546.
Prasad ML, Huang Y, Pellegata NS, et al, 2004 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)-like nuclear alterations express molecular markers of PTC. Histopathology 45: 39–46.
Saggiorato E, De Pompa R, Volante M, et al, 2005 Characterization of thyroid ‘follicular neoplasms’ in fine-needle aspiration cytological specimens using a panel of immunohistochemical markers: a proposal for clinical application. Endocr Relat Cancer 12: 305–317.
Takano T, Miyauchi A, Matsuzuka F, et al, 2000 Expression of oncofetal fibronectin messenger ribonucleic acid in fibroblasts in the thyroid: a possible cause of false positive results in molecular-based diagnosis of thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 765–768.
Krause K, Eszlinger M, Gimm O, et al, 2008 TFF 3 based candidate gene discrimination of benign and malignant thyroid tumours in a region with borderline iodine deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 1390–1393.
Eszlinger M, Wiench M, Jarzab B, et al, 2006 Meta- and reanalysis of gene expression profiles of hot and cold thyroid nodules and papillary thyroid carcinoma for gene groups. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1934–1942.
Fujarewicz K, Jarzab M, Eszlinger M, et al, 2007 A multi-gene approach to differentiate papillary thyroid carcinoma from benign lesions: gene selection using support vector machines with bootstrapping. Endocr Relat Cancer 14: 809–826.
Kebebew E, Peng M, Reiff E, McMillan A, 2006 Diagnostic and extent of disease multigene assay for malignant thyroid neoplasms. Cancer 106: 2592–2597.
Mazzanti C, Zeiger MA, Costouros NG, et al, 2004 Using gene expression profiling to differentiate benign versus malignant thyroid tumors. Cancer Res 64: 2898–2903.
Sapio MR, Guerra A, Posca D, et al, 2007 Combined analysis of galectin-3 and BRAFV600E improves the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy with cytological findings suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 14: 1089–1097.
Cerutti JM, Delcelo R, Amadei MJ, et al, 2004 A pre-operative diagnostic test that distinguishes benign from malignant thyroid carcinoma based on gene expression. J Clin Invest 113: 1234–1242.
Weber F, Shen L, Aldred MA, et al, 2005 Genetic classification of benign and malignant thyroid follicular neoplasia based on a 3-gene combination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 2512–2521.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eszlinger, M., Schmid, K.W. & Paschke, R. Clinical implications of molecular studies for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Hormones 9, 51–56 (2010). https://doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1253
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1253