Abstract
Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is a well-known complication of acute brain injury. Neurogenic stunned myocardium (NSM) occurs clinically in a significant subset of patients with NPE. A 49-year-old woman developed refractory cerebral vasospasm requiring angioplasty following a subarachnoid hemorrhage. During angioplasty, NPE with NSM manifested as acute pulmonary edema associated with elevated pulmonary artery occlusion pressure and reduced cardiac output. Evaluations disclosed a right insular infarction, cardiac wall motion abnormalities, and electrocardiographic characteristics of NSM. The NSM completely resolved, and the neurological outcome was good. A 56-year-old woman developed NPE during complicated coil embolization of an internal carotid artery aneurysm. Cardiac function was normal, and the NPE resolved with a brief period of mechanical ventilation and diuresis. The delayed appearance of NSM and NPE during endovascular therapy in these patients implies a degree of risk for sympathetically mediated cardiopulmonary dysfunction during complex intracranial endovascular procedures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ciongoli AK, Poser CM. Pulmonary edema secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1972;22:867–870.
Rogers FB, Shackford SR, Trevisani GT, Davis JW, Mackersie RC, Hoyt DB. Neurogenic pulmonary edema in fatal and nonfatal head injuries. J Trauma 1995;39:860–866.
Schievink WI, Wijdicks EF, Parisi JE, Piepgras DG, Whisnant JP. Sudden death from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1995;45:871–874.
Watanabe T, Sekiguchi K, Inoue A, Taniguchi Y, Sato S. Clinical evaluation of neurogenic pulmonary edema following acute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage. No Shinkei Geka 1992;20:417–422.
Fujimura M, Nishijima M, Umezawa K, Kon H, Tanaka T, Midorikawa H. Severe subarachnoid hemorrhage with pulmonary edema successfully treated by intra-aneurysmal embolization using Guglielmi detachable coils—two case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2001;41:135–139.
Sakka SG, Huettemann E, Reinhart K. Acute left ventricular dysfunction and subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1999;11:209–213.
Ezura M, Takahashi A, Ogasawara K, Yoshimoto T. Intraaneurysmal GDC embolization followed by intrathecal tPA administration for poor-gradebasilar tip aneurysm. Surg Neurol 1997;47:144–147.
Quader K, Manninen PH, Lai JK. Pulmonary edema in the neuroradiology suite: a diagnostic dilemma. Can J Anaesth 2001;48:308–312.
McClellan MD, Dauber IM, Weil JV. Elevated intracranial pressure increases pulmonary vascular permeability to protein. J Appl Physiol 1989;67:1185–1191.
Fein IA, Rackow EC. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Chest 1982;81:318–320.
Smith WS, Matthay MA. Evidence for a hydrostatic mechanism in human neurogenic pulmonary edema. Chest 1997;111:1326–1133.
Touho H, Karasawa J, Shishido H, Yamada K, Yamazaki Y. Neurogenic pulmonary edema in the acute stage of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease. Neurosurgery 1989;25:762–768.
Mayer SA, Fink ME, Homma S, et al. Cardiac injury associated with neurogenic pulmonary edema following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1994;44:815–820.
Schell AR, Shenoy MM, Friedman SA, Patel AR. Pulmonary edema associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Evidence for a cardiogenic origin. Arch Int Med 1987;147:591,592.
Ochiai H, Yamakawa Y, Kubota E. Deformation of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata by subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured vertebral artery aneurysms causes neurogenic pulmonary edema. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2001;41:529–534.
Keegan MT, Lanier WL. Pulmonary edema after resection of a fourth ventricle tumor: possible evidence for a medulla-mediated mechanism. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:264–268.
Wright RS, Feuerman T, Brown J. Neurogenic pulmonary edema after trigeminal nerve blockade. Chest 1989;96:436–438.
Hachinski VC. The clinical problem of brain and heart. Stroke 1993;24:11,12.
Davies KR, Gelb AW, Manninen PH, Boughner DR, Bisnaire D. Cardiac function in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a study of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities. Br J Anaesth 1991;67:58–63.
Mayer SA, LiMandri G, Sherman D, et al. Electrocardiographic markers of abnormal left ventricular wall motion in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1995;83:889–896.
Parekh N, Venkatesh B, Cross D, et al. Cardiac troponin I predicts myocardial dysfunction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1328–1335.
Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Ogilvy CS, Picard MH. Regional patterns of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage: evidence for neurally mediated cardiac injury. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:774–779.
Masuda T, Sato K, Yamamoto S, et al. Sympathetic nervous activity and myocardial damage immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a unique animal model. Stroke 2002;33:1671–1676.
Mayer SA, Lin J, Homma S, et al. Myocardial injury and left ventricular performance after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1999;30:780–786.
Armonda RA, Thomas JE, Rosenwasser RH. The interventional neuroradiology suite as an operating room. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2000;11:1–20.
Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, et al. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;360:1267–1274.
Cross DT. Endovascular treatment for cerebral aneurysms will replace clipping. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2003;15:58–60.
Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Khan J, et al. Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms by using Guglielmi detachable coils in awake patients: safety and feasibility. J Neurosurg 2001;94:880–885.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brewer, R.P., Borel, C.O. Neurogenic pulmonary edema during intracranial endovascular therapy. Neurocrit Care 1, 423–427 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1385/NCC:1:4:423
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/NCC:1:4:423