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Adult reserve stem cells and their potential for tissue engineering

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Abstract

Tissue restoration is the process whereby multiple damaged cell types are replaced to restore the histoarchitecture and function to the tissue. Several theories, have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of tissue restoration in amphibians and in animals belonging to higher order. These theories include dedifferentiation of damaged tissues, transdifferentiation of lineage-committed progenitor cells, and activation of reserve, precursor cells. Studies by Young et al. and others demonstrated that connective tissue compartments throughout postnatal individuals contain reserve precursor cells. Subsequent repetitive single cell-cloning and cell-sorting studies revealed that these reserve precursor cells consisted of multiple populations of cells, including, tissue-specific progenitor cells, germ-layer lineage stem cells, and pluripotent stem cells. Tissue-specific progenitor cells display various capacities for differentiation, ranging from unipotency (forming a single cell type) to multipotency (forming multiple cell types). However, all progenitor cells demonstrate a finite life span of 50 to 70 population doublings before programmed cell senescence and cell death occurs. Germ-layer lineage stem cells can form a wider range of cell types than a progenitor cell. An individual germ-layer lineage stem cell can form all cells types within its respective germ-layer lineage (i.e., ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm). Pluripotent stem cells can form a wider range of cell types than a single germ-layer lineage stem cell. A single pluripotent stem cell can form cells belonging to all three germ layer lineages. Both germ-layer lineage stem cells and pluripotent stem cells exhibit extended capabilities for self-renewal, far surpassing the limited life span of progenitor cells (50–70 population doublings). The authors propose that the activation of quiescent tissue-specific progenitor cells, germ-layer lineage stem cells, and/or pluripotent stem cells may be a potential explanation, along with dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation, for the process of tissue restoration. Several model systems are currently being investigated to determine the possibilities of using these adult quiescent reserve precursor cells for tissue engineering.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA

    Henry E. Young, Kristina Detmer, Brain W. Tobin, Roy D. Russ, Michael N. Horst, Julie A. Floyd, Nicholas L. Henson, Kristina C. Hawkins, Jaime Groom, Amar Parikh, Lisa Blake, Laura J. Bland, Angela J. Thompson & Asa C. Black Jr.

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA

    Henry E. Young, Brain W. Tobin & Frank P. Bowyer III

  3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA

    T. J. Lin & Asa C. Black Jr.

  4. Department of Internal Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA

    John Hudson

  5. INSERM U441, Avenue du Haut Leveque, France

    Cecile Duplaa & Catherine Moreau

  6. Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Reed Neurological Research Center, Los Angeles, GA

    Marina Romero-Ramos, Marie-Francoise Chesselet & Patrick Vourc'h

  7. Department of Surgery, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC

    Michael J. Yost, Kurt Ericson & Amy Kirincich

  8. New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY

    Louis Terracio

  9. Cardiovascular Research and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA

    Takayuki Asahara, Haruchika Masuda & Sayaka Tamura-Ninomiya

  10. Kobe Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation/RIKEN Center of Developmental Biology, Chuo, Kobe, Japan

    Takayuki Asahara, Haruchika Masuda & Sayaka Tamura-Ninomiya

  11. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA

    Robert A. Bray

  12. Des Moines University-Osteopathic Medical Center, Des Moines, IA

    Timothy A. Steele

  13. Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI

    Douglas Hixson

  14. MorphoGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA

    Mohammad el-Kalay

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Correspondence to Henry E. Young.

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Young, H.E., Duplaa, C., Romero-Ramos, M. et al. Adult reserve stem cells and their potential for tissue engineering. Cell Biochem Biophys 40, 1–80 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1385/CBB:40:1:1

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