Lichenysin

Abstract

The lipopeptide lichenysin (cyclo-[L-Gln1→D-Leu2→L-Leu3→L-Val4→L-Asp5→D-Leu6→L-Ile7-β-OH fatty acid]) produced by Bacillus licheniformis structurally resembles surfactin from Bacillus subtilis. The main difference is the presence of a glutaminyl residue in position 1 of the peptide sequence in place of glutamic acid in surfactin. This local variation causes significant changes in the properties of the molecule compared to surfactin. Lichenysin has a higher surfactant power, the critical micellar concentration (c.m.c.) being strongly reduced from 220 to 22 µM and a much higher hemolytic activity because 100% hemolysis was observed with only 15 µM instead of 200 µM. Lichenysin is also a better chelating agent because its association constants with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ are increased by a factor of 4 and 16, respectively. This effect is assigned to an increase in the accessibility of the carboxyl group to cations owing to a change in the side chain topology induced by the Glu/Gln exchange. Additionally, the propensity of the lipopeptide for extensive hydrophobic interactions, as illustrated by its low c.m.c., contributes to further stabilization of the cation and an increase in the partitioning of lichenysin into the erythrocyte membrane. Our data support the formation of a lichensyin-Ca²⁺ complex in a molar ratio of 2:1 instead of 1:1 with surfactin, suggesting an intermolecular salt bridge between two lichenysin molecules. Therefore, when Ca²⁺ ions are present in the solution, micellization occurs via a dimer assembly, with a possible long-range effect on the spatial arrangement of the micelles or other supramolecular structures. Finally, among all the surfactin peptidic variants so far known, lichenysin is the one for which the three tested activities are the most substantially improved.