Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Independent control of HVOF particle velocity and temperature

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Independent control of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray particle velocity and temperature has not been possible in the past, confusing the effect of either parameter on coating properties. This study describes a method by which velocity and temperature may be varied independently. Commercial HVOF equipment that was fitted with a special conical supersonic nozzle having four distinct particle injection locations was used. The present results, which were predicted in simulations and demonstrated in experiments, revealed several pertinent facts. First, particle velocity is principally related to combustion chamber pressure and is relatively unaffected by other design or operating conditions. Second, particle temperature is related to particle residence time within the nozzle, which can be controlled by the choice of particle injection location. In these experiments, the impact velocity and temperature of stainless steel particles were controlled within the ranges 340 to 660 m/s and 1630 to 2160 K, respectively. This range of parameters produced significant variations in splat morphology, coating microstructure, and coating oxide content. Such particle control allows the effects of velocity and temperature on coating properties to be assessed and controlled independently. These results also have commercial application, potentially enabling the user to tailor particle impact velocity and temperature to achieve specific coating properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.M. Houben: “Future Developments in Thermal Spraying,” in 2nd National Thermal Spray Conference, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1984, pp. 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  2. A.P. Alkhimov, V.F. Kosarev, and A.N. Papyrin: “A Method of ‘Cold’ Gas-Dynamic Deposition,” Sov. Phys. Dokl., 1990, 35(12), pp. 1047–49.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. R.C. McCune, J.N. Hall, A.N. Papyrin, W.L. Riggs, and P.H. Zajchowski: “An Exploration of the Cold Gas-Dynamic Spray Method for Several Material Systems,” in Advances in Thermal Spray Science and Technology, C.C. Berndt and S. Sampath, ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1995, pp. 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  4. R.C. Dykhuizen, M.F. Smith, D.L. Gilmore, R.A. Neiser, et al.: “Impact of High Velocity Cold-Spray Particles,” J. Thermal Spray Technol., 1999, 8(4), pp. 559–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. D.L. Gilmore, R.C. Dykhuizen, R.A. Neiser, T.J. Roemer, et al.: “Particle Velocity and Deposition Efficiency in the Cold Spray Process,” J. Thermal Spray Technol., 1999, 8(4), pp. 576–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. P. Fauchais: “Formation of Plasma Sprayed Coatings,” J. Thermal Spray Technol., 1995, 4(1), pp. 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  7. L. Bianchi, F. Blein, P. Lucchese, M. Vardelle, et al.: “Effect of Particle Velocity and Substrate Temperature on Alumina and Zirconia Splat Formation,” in Thermal Spray Industrial Applications, C.C. Berndt and S. Sampath, ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1994, pp. 569–74.

    Google Scholar 

  8. C.M. Hackett, G.S. Settles, and J.D. Miller: “On The Gas Dynamics of HVOF Thermal Sprays,” J. Thermal Spray Technol., 1994, 3(3), pp. 299–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. C.M. Hackett and G.S. Settles: “The Influence of Nozzle Design on HVOF Spray Particle Velocity and Temperature,” in Advances in Thermal Spray Science and Technology, C.C. Berndt and S. Sampath, ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  10. C.M. Hackett: “The Gas Dynamics of High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel Thermal Sprays,” Ph.D. Thesis, Penn State University, 1996. UMI order number 9628094.

  11. R.C. Dykhuizen and M.F. Smith: “Gas Dynamic Principles of Cold Spray,” J. Thermal Spray Technol., 1998, 7(2), pp. 205–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. H. Voggenreiter, H. Huber, S. Beyer, and H.-J. Spies: “Influence of Particle Velocity and Molten Phase on the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of HVOF-Sprayed Structural Coatings of Alloy 316L,” in Advances in Thermal Spray Science and Technology, C.C. Berndt and S. Sampath, ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1995, pp. 303–08.

    Google Scholar 

  13. R.J. Adrian: “Particle-Imaging Techniques for Experimental Fluid Mechanics,” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 1991, 23, pp. 261–304.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. M. Gharib and C. Willert: “Particle Tracing: Revisited,” Lecture Notes in Engineering, Advances in Fluid Mechanics Measurements, M. Gadel-Hak, ed., Berlin, Springer, 1989, 45, pp. 109–26.

    Google Scholar 

  15. H.W. Coleman and W.G. Steele: Experimentation and Uncertainty Analysis for Engineers, John Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  16. J.R. Fincke, C.L. Jeffrey, and S.B. Englert: “In-Flight Measurement of Particle Size and Temperature,” J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum., 1988, 21, pp. 367–70.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. J.R. Fincke, W.D. Swank, and C.L. Jeffrey: “Simultaneous Measurement of Particle Size, Velocity, and Temperature in Thermal Plasmas,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 1990, 18(6), pp. 948–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J. Mishin, M. Vardelle, J. Lesinski, and P. Fauchais: “Two-Colour Pyrometer for the Statistical Measurement of the Surface Temperature of Particles Under Thermal Plasma Conditions,” J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum., 1987, 20, pp. 630–35.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. S. Kuroda: “Fundamental Phenomena in Spray Deposition of Surface Coatings,” in NRIM Research Activities, National Research Institute for Metals Japan, Tokyo, 1992, pp. 9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  20. D.P. DeWitt, and G.D. Nutter: Theory and Practice of Radiation Thermometry, John Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  21. E.E. Underwood: Quantitative Stereology, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  22. G.S. Settles, and S. Garg: “A Scientific View of the Productivity of Abrasive Blasting Nozzles,” Proc. Steel Structures Painting Council 1994 Int. Conf., 12–19, 1994.

  23. S.S. Garg, C.M. Hackett, J.W. Naughton, and L.N. Cattafesta: “A Comparison of Drag Laws for Predicting Particle Trajectory in High-Speed Flows,” 1996 ASME Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 7–11, 1996.

  24. J.W. Naughton: “The Enhancement of Compressible Turbulent Mixing Via Streamwise Vorticity,” Ph.D. Thesis, Penn State University, 1993.

  25. P.A. Kessel: “A Study of the Aerodynamic Design of Viscous Nozzles Used to Accelerate Large Particles to High Velocity,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1977. UMI order number 7716589.

  26. A.J. Sturgeon and D.C. Buxton: “The Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of HVOF Sprayed Coatings,” in Thermal Spray Surface Engineering via Applied Research, C.C. Berndt, ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2000, pp. 1011–15.

    Google Scholar 

  27. E. Jussim and G. Kayafas: Stopping Time: The Photographs of Harold Edgerton, H.N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Pennsylvania State University, 16802, University Park, PA

    T. C. Hanson, C. M. Hackett & G. S. Settles

Authors
  1. T. C. Hanson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. M. Hackett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. S. Settles
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hanson, T.C., Hackett, C.M. & Settles, G.S. Independent control of HVOF particle velocity and temperature. J Therm Spray Tech 11, 75–85 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1361/105996302770349005

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1361/105996302770349005

Keywords

Search

Navigation