Abstract
Affected by paleogeographic position, paleoclimatic condition and depositional environments, the increase of the Early-Mid Ordovician brachiopod diversity of South China commenced at the beginning of the Ordovician (early Tremadoc), accelerated from the Tetragraptus approximatus Biozone (base of Arenig), and reached its first acme in the Didymograptus eobifidus Biozone (mid early Arenig) when the number of brachiopod genera was over 7 times as great as that at the start of the Ordovician. This was the first radiation in the history of brachiopod macroevolution in South China, which occurred nearly 5 graptolitic biozones earlier than the global trend of the great Ordovician biodiversification (in the lower part of the Undulograptus austrodentatus Biozone). It is also characterized by (1) the origination or first occurrences of some major groups, such as the punctate dalmanelloids and the pseudopunctate strophomenoids including Plectambonitoidea (cardinal process simple or absent) and Strophomenoidea (cardinal process bilobed) in South China; (2) niche expansion, particularly in the first occupation of deeper water benthic regimes by the Euorthisina-Nocturnellia Association developed at Houping, Chengkou, northern Chongqing; and (3) the differentiation of brachiopod faunas under different environmental conditions. The gradual and increasing separation from Gondwana may have been one of the factors responsible for the radiation in South China.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., Akinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity, II Early Phanerozoic families and multiple equilibria, Paleobiology, 1979, 5: 222–252.
Sepkoski, J.J. Jr., A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record, Paleobiology, 1981, 7(1): 36–53.
Sepkoski, J.J. Jr., Evolutionary faunas, in Paleobiology, A Synthesis ((eds. Briggs, D.E.G., Crowther, P.R.), Oxford: Blackwell, 1990, 37–41.
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., The Ordovician radiations: diversification and extinction shown by global genus-level taxonomic data, in Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System ((eds. Cooper, J. D., Droser, M. L., Finney, S. C.), California: Pacific Section SEPM, Fullerton, 1995, 393–396.
Webby, B. D., In search of triggering mechanisms for the great Ordovician biodiversification event, Palaeontology Down Under 2000, Geological Society of Australia, Abstracts, 2000, 61: 129–130.
Droser, M. L., Sheehan, P. M., Paleoecological significance of the Ordovician radiation and end Ordovician extinction: evidence from the Great Basin, in Ordovician of the Great Basin (ed. Cooper, J. D.), California: Pacific Section SEPM, Fullerton, 1995, 64–106.
Droser, M. L., Sheehan, P. M., Fortey, R. A. et al., The nature of diversification and paleoecology of the Ordovician radiation with evidence from the Great Basin, in Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System ((eds. Cooper, J. D., Droser, M. L., Finney, S. C.), California: Pacific Section SEPM, Fullerton, 1995, 405–408.
Waisfeld, B. G., Sanchez, T. M., Carrera, M.G., Biodiversification patterns in the Early Ordovician of Argentina, Palaios., 1999, 14: 198–214.
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., Sheehan, P. M., Diversification, faunal change, and community replacement during the Ordovician radiation, in Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities ((eds. Tevesz, M. J. S., McCall, P. L.), New York: Plenum Press, 1983, 673–718.
Kayser, E., Cambrische Brachiopoden von Liau-Tung, Mittel und Obersilurische Versteinerungen aus dem gebirgsland von Tsau-Tien (Szechuan) etc., in “China” ((ed. von Richthofen, F.), 1883, 4: 34-36, 75-76, 103-135, 160–208.
Fang, R., Zhu, X., Brachiopods, in Palaeontological Atlas of Yunnan Province (in Chinese) ((ed. Geological Bureau of Yunnan Province), Kunming: People’s Press of Yunnan Province, 1974, 287–479.
Xu, H., Rong, J., Liu, D., Ordovician brachiopods, in Handbook of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology in Southwest China (in Chinese) ((ed. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica), Beijing: Science Press, 1974, 144–154.
Li, Y., Song, L., Zhou, Z. et al., Early Palaeozoic Stratigraphy of West Dabashan (in Chinese), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1975, 1–372.
Zeng, Q., Phylum Brachiopoda, in Palaeontological Atlas of Central-South Region of China (1) Early Palaeozoic Volume (in Chinese) ((ed. Hubei Institute of Geological Sciences and others), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1977, 27–69.
Zeng, Q., Brachiopoda, in Biostratigraphy of the Yangtze Gorge area (II) Paleozoic Volume (in Chinese) ((eds. Wang Xiaofeng, Ni Shizhao, Zeng Qingluan et al.), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1987, 209–244.
Zeng, Q., Ordovician brachiopod communities and eustatic changes of sea level in the eastern Yangtze Gorges area, China, Bulletin of the Yichang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (in Chinese), 1991, 16(1): 19–38.
Xian, S., Jiang, Z., Phylum Brachiopoda, in Palaeontological Atlas of Southwest China, Guizhou Volume (1) Cambrian to Devonian (in Chinese) (ed. Guizhou Working Team of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1978, 251–337.
Xu, Q., Wan, Z., Chen, Y., Phylum Brachiopoda, in Palaeontological Atlas of Southwest China, Sichuan Volume (1) Sinian (Precambrian) to Devonian (in Chinese) ((ed. Southwest Institute of Geological Sciences), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1978, 284–381.
Fu, L., Phylum Brachiopoda, in Palaeontological Atlas of Northwest China, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia Volume (1) Precambrian to Early Palaeozoic (in Chinese) (ed. Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1982, 95–179.
Liu, D., Xu, H., Liang, W., Phylum Brachiopoda, in Palaeontological Atlas of Eastern China (1) Early Palaeozoic Volume (in Chinese) ((ed. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1983, 254–286.
Wang, S., Phylum Brachiopoda, in Palaeontological Atlas of Hubei Province (in Chinese) ((ed. Regional Geological Surveying Team of Hubei), Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press, 1984, 128–236.
Xu, H., Liu, D., Late Lower Ordovician brachiopods of Southwestern China, Bulletin of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (in Chinese with English abstract), 1984, 8: 147–235.
Rong, J., Li, R., Review of the new supra-ordinal classification of the Brachiopoda, Acta Palaeontologica Sinica (in Chinese with English abstract), 1997, 36(3): 378–386.
Zhang, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhang, J., Sedimentary differentiation during the latest Early Ordovician-earliest Darriwilian in the Yangtze Block, Journal of Stratigraphy (in Chinese with English abstract), 2002, 26(4): 302–314.
Mu, E., Zhu, Z., Chen, J. et al., The Ordovician strata from the vicinity of Shuanghe, Changning of Sichuan, Journal of Stratigraphy (in Chinese), 1978, 2(2): 105–121.
Zhu, Z., Rong, J., Change of a formation name, Journal of Stratigraphy (in Chinese), 1994, 18(4): 308.
Wang, Y., New genera of brachiopods, Acta Palaeontologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1955, 3(2): 83–114.
Liu, D., Zhu, C., Xue, C., Ordovician brachiopods from northwestern Xiao Hinggan Ling, Northeast China, Bulletin of Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (in Chinese with English abstract), 1985, 11(1): 1–46.
Xu, H., Sun, D., Discovery of Early Ordovician brachiopods of Yangtze type in Karakorum Region and its significance, in Palaeontology of the Karakorum-Kunlun Mountains (in Chinese with English abstract) ((ed. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 1998, 145–162.
Melou, M., Brachiopodes articules, in Brachiopodes (Articules) et Mollusques (Bivalves, Rostroconches, Monoplacophores, Gastropodes) de l’Ordovicien inferieur (Tremaocien-Arenigien) de la Montagne Noire (France Meridionale) ((eds. Babin, C. et al.), Societ d’Etudes Scientifiques de l’Aude, Memoire, 1982, 23–35.
Mu, E., Zhu, Z., Chen, J. et al., The Ordovician System of southwest China, in Carbonate Biostratigraphy of Southwest China (in Chinese) ((ed. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica), Beijing: Science Press, 1979, 108–154.
Zhan, R., Rong, J., Preliminary investigation on Early to Middle Ordovician brachiopod biodiversity of South China, in Ordovician from the Andes ((eds. Albanesi, G. L., Beresi, M. S., Peralta, S. H.). INSUGEO Serie Correlación Geológica, 2003, 17: 347–353.
Cope, J. C. W., Babin, C., Diversification of bivalves in the Ordovician, Geobios, 1999, 32(2): 175–185.
Lai, C., Jin, R., Lin, B. et al., Biofacies, Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeographic Characteristics of the Ordovician in the Lower Yangzi Area (in Chinese with English abstract), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1993, 1–87.
Chen, X., Rong, J., Ordovician plate tectonics of China and its neighbouring regions, in Global Perspectives on Ordovician Geology ((eds. Webby, B. D., Laurie, J. R.), Roterdam: Balkema, 1992, 277–291.
Cocks, L. R. M., Ordovician and Silurian global geography, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 2001, 158: 197–210.
Cocks, L. R. M., Fortey, R. A., Lower Palaeozoic facies and faunas around Gondwana, Special Publication-Geological Society of London, 1988, 37: 183–200.
Cocks, L. R. M., Fortey, R. A., Biogeography of Ordovician and Silurian faunas, Geological Society London, Memoir, 1990, 12: 97–104.
Cocks, L. R. M., Torsvik, T. H., Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago: a faunal and palaeomagnetic review, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 2002, 159: 631–644.
Wang, G., Chen, X., Llanvirn graptolites from the border areas of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou, in Graptolites Research Today ((eds. Chen, X., Erdtmann, B.D., Ni, Y.), Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 1994, 81–86.
Fortey, R. A., Cocks, L. R. M., Palaeontological evidence bearing on global Ordovician-Silurian continental reconstructions, Earth-Science Reviews, 2003, 61: 245–307.
Fang Zongjie, Biogeographic constrains on the rift-drift-accretion history of the Sibumasu block, Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Science, 1994, 9: 375–385.
Cocks, L. R. M., The Early Palaeozoic geography of Europe, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 2000, 157: 1–10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhan, R., Rong, J., Cheng, J. et al. Early-Mid Ordovician brachiopod diversification in South China. Sci. China Ser. D-Earth Sci. 48, 662–675 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1360/03yd0586
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1360/03yd0586