Abstract
The history of biopharmaceutics is reviewed, beginning with its origin out of the Division of Clinical Research in The Bureau of Medicine. The reason for the creation of the Division of Biopharmaceutics, the certification of Food and Drug Administration authority over the functions it was to have, and the implementation of that authority are described. The determination of bioequivalence, the bioavailability decision rules, pharmacokinetics, and drug metabolism are explained. The reason for the development of the Scale-Up and Post Approval Regulations and how they were developed are also explained.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Seife, M. Evolution of the principal US food & drug laws. In: Sharma KN, Sharma KK, Sen P, editors. Generic drugs, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics: Proceedings of the Indo-US Symposium, New Delhi, University College of Medical Sciences, 1990. Ring Road, New Delhi 110-029: University College of Medical Sciences; 1990. p. 7–14.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A brief history of the center for drug evaluation and research. 2009. http://www.fda.gov/cder/about/history/Histext.htm. Accessed March 2009.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A brief history of the center for drug evaluation and research. 2009. http://www.fda.gov/aboutFDA/whatwedo/history/thisweek/ucm117833.htm.
Skelly JP. Bioavailability policies and guidelines; in industrial bioavailability and pharmacokinetics—guidelines and controls. In: Martin A, Doluisio JT, editors. College of pharmacy, drug dynamics institute. Austin: University of Texas; 1977. p. 2–41.
United States of America versus Pharmadyne Laboratories and Bernard Bedrick; United States District Court, District of New Jersey. 1980.
United States of America versus Premo laboratories, Inc. and Seymour Blackman; United States District Court, District of New Jersey. 1980.
Federal Register; Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Requirements; June 20, 1975. 40:26142–71.
Federal Register; Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Requirements; July 7, 1977. 42:1624–53.
Drug Bioequivalence. A Report for the Drug Bioequivalence Study Panel to the Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States: July 1974.
Marcus A. An industrial view of the official compendia. In: Martin A, Doluisio JT, editors. Industrial bioavailability and pharmacokinetics—guidelines, regulations and controls. Austin: College of pharmacy, Drug Dynamics Institute; 1977. p. 223–32.
Vitti TG, Banes D, Byers TE. Bioavailability of Digoxin, Editorial, NEJM Nov. 1971;(25):1433–44.
Lindenbaum J, Mellow MH, Blackstone MO, Butler VP. Variation in biologic availability of digoxin from four products. NEJM. 1971;285:1334.
Wagner JG, Christensen M, Sakmar E, Blair D, Yates JD, Willis PW, et al. Equivalence lack in digoxin plasma levels. JAMA. 1973;224:199–204.
Barr WH, Gerbracht LM, Letcher K, Plaut M, Strahl N. Assessment of the biological availability of tetracycline products in man. Clin Pharm Ther. 1972;13:97.
Glazko AJ, Kinkel AW, Alegnani WC, Holmes EL. An evaluation of absorption of chloramphenicol preparations in normal human subjects. Clin Pharm Ther. 1968;9:472.
Blair DC, Barnes RW, Wildner EL, Murray WJ. Biologic availability of oxytetracycline HCl capsuls. JAMA. 1971;215:252.
21 Code of Federal Regulations; §320.23. 1977; Basis for Demonstrating In-Vivo Bioavailability or Bioequivalence Requirements.
Skelly JP, Shah VP, Peck C. Topical corticosteroid induced skin blanching—eye or instrument. Arch Dermatol. 1065;1991:127.
Shah VP, Peck C, Skelly JP. Vasoconstriction—skin blanching; assay for glucocorticoids: a critique. Arch Dermatol. 1989;125:1558–61.
Stoughton RB. Are generic formulations equivalent to trade name topical glucocorticoids. Arch Dermatol. 1087;123:1312–4.
McKenzie AW, Stoughton RB. Method for comparing percutaneous absorption of steroids. Arch Dermatol. 1962;86:741–6.
Brodie BB, Heller WM, Bazel S, editors. Bioavailability of drugs. Basel: Karger; 1972.
Haynes JD. FDA 75/75 rule: a response. J Pharm Sci. 1983;72:99–100.
Schuirmann DL. Aon hypothesis testing to determine if the mean of a normal distribution is contained in a known interval. (Abstract) Biometrics. 1981;37:617.
Schuirmann DJ. A comparison of the two one-sided tests procedure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1987;15:657–80.
Anderson S, Hauck WW. Consideration of individual bioequivalence. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1990;18:259–73.
Poole JW. Drug Inf Bull. 1969;3:8.
Skelly JP. New FDA Digoxin Regulations. Presentation; Annual Conference, Association of Food and Drug Officials, Jost Farms, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. May 1974.
Federal Register January 22, 1974.
Federal Register February 1, 1974.
Skelly JP, Gonzalez MA. FDA update: dissolution testing: simple tool—important contribution. Eur J Biopharm. 1993;39(5):222–3.
21 Code of Federal Regulations 310.500; Digoxin Products for Oral Use: Conditions.
Skelly JP. Dissolution testing: need for standardization. Pharm Tech. 1977;1(5):12.
Wood J, Flora KP, Duma RJ. Tetracycline: another example of generic bioinequivalence. JAMA. 1978;239(18):1874–76.
Hendeles L, Weinberger G, Milavetz G, Hill M, Vaughn L. Food induced ‘dose dumping’ from a once-a-day theophylline product as a cause of theophylline toxicity. Chest. 1985;87:758–65.
Skelly JP, Barr WH, Benet LZ, Doluisio JT, Goldberg G, Lowenthal DT, et al. Report of the workshop on controlled release dosage forms: issues and controversies. Pharm Res. 1987;4(1):75–7.
Skelly JP, Amidon GL, Barr WH, Benet LZ, Carter JE, Robinson JR, et al. In vitro and in vivo testing and correlations for oral controlled/modified-release dosage forms. Pharm Res. 1990;7(9):975–82.
Skelly JP, Shah VP, Maibach HI, Guy RH, Wester RC, Flynn G, et al. FDA & AAPS report of the workshop on principles and practices of in vitro percutaneous and penetration studies: relevance to bioavailability and bioequivalence. Pharm Res. 1987;4(3):265–7.
Shah VP, Flynn GL, Guy RH, Maibach HI, Schaefer H, Skelly JP, et al. In vivo percutaneous penetration/absorption. Pharm Res. 1991;8(8):1071–5.
Shah VP, Midha KK, Dighe S, McGilveray I, Skelly JP, Yacobi A, et al. Analytical methods validation: bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies. Pharm Res. 1992;9(4):588–92.
Skelly JP, Van Buskirk JP, et al. Workshop report: scale-up of immediate release oral solid dosage forms. Pharm Res. 1993;10:313–6.
Skelly JP, Van Buskirk JP, et al. Scale-up of oral extended release dosage forms. Pharm Res. 1993;10:1800–5.
Van Buskirk JP, et al. Scale-up of liquid and semisolid disperse systems. Pharm Res. 1994;11:1216–20.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Guest Editors: Marilyn Martinez and Lawrence Yu
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Skelly, J.P. A History of Biopharmaceutics in the Food and Drug Administration 1968–1993. AAPS J 12, 44–50 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-009-9154-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-009-9154-8