Background

The diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is established mainly on a clinical basis, and diagnosis is done after careful history taking and examination including known provocative tests with varying efficacy and reliability.

Electrodiagnostic studies are used to confirm diagnosis and some studies discourage its use as an exclusive tool [1], but other studies had refined the technique and data analysis to establish a dependable and reliable diagnosis [2].

Reliability of provocative tests in CTS was and still being studied; these tests depends on the examiners and how they are performing it, it is so that it differs from general practitioner to experts in yielding true results helpful for diagnosis [3].

Arm raising test was first described in 2001 [4] and was studied by other authors [5, 6]. It is not depending on the examiner as it is not done with their hand but only with an order to the patients and receiving their comment once symptoms are recognized.

Methods

Study design

This is a prospective clinical study of 123 patients with 171 hands presenting with classical symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome who were included in this study, from October 2013 to October 2015, and they underwent open surgical release of flexor retinaculum at the Neurosurgery Department of Benha University Hospital.

Objective

We aim to compare this test to commonly used provocative tests, and to confirm its reliability in diagnosing CTS and evaluating improvement after carpal tunnel release surgery.

Preoperative work-up

One hundred twenty-three patients with 171 hands presented with classical symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, with pain and numbness that worsened with exertion and at night in the distribution of medial nerve, and with positive nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography results suggesting median nerve entrapment. Patients who had symptoms and signs of a proven diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy and other upper limb entrapment neuropathy were excluded, also patients with diabetes, thyroid disease, peripheral neuropathy, and peripheral vascular disease were excluded; hence, 18 patients were excluded leaving 105 patients with 128 hands; of them, 23 patients had bilateral disease.

The control group consists of 35 patients with 70 hands, and NCS were not conducted in this group, but same exclusion criteria were applied.

History was standardized by using K-S questionnaire for both groups in which a score of 50 or more was considered clinically diagnostic of CTS [7].

Provocative tests were performed in a sequence with a 1-min interval between each test, then tests were done with an examiner using only a single hand as in Table 1.

Table 1 Methods of performing tests and its positive finding
Full size table

Operative note

Under local or general anesthesia, without tourniquet, decompression of median nerve at wrist was done by complete cutting of the flexor retinaculum. No complications were reported.

Post-operative follow-up

Provocative tests were performed again, by the same examiner, in a sequence with a 1-min interval between each test (Table 1) in 3, 6, and 9 months.

Statistical analysis:

SPSS software (Version 20.0 for Windows, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for analyses of the data. Qualitative variables were summarized as frequency and percentages. McNemar test was used to compare the follow-up periods. Validity of tests was tested using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy. Differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and insignificant at P > 0.05.

Results

In our study, ART is positive in 88.3% (113 out of 128 hands with evident carpal tunnel syndrome). This is compared to 75, 81.3, 79.7, and 83.6% of positive results in Tinel’s test, compression test, Phalen’s test, and combined Phalen’s and compression test. Also in the control group, only 2 hands out of 70 have a positive ART (2.9%). This is compared to 18.6, 15.8, 11.4, and 22.8% of positive results in Tinel’s test, compression test, Phalen’s test, and combined Phalen’s and compression test. As shown in Table 2, ART is the most sensitive and specific test and has the highest positive predictive value of 98.3%, negative predictive value of 81.9%, and accuracy of 91.4%.

Table 2 Preoperative provocative tests results among case and control groups
Full size table

Postoperatively at 9 months, 5 out of the 128 (3.9%) hands have a positive ART, 3 of them had recurrent milder symptoms. Table 3 shows that 6.3, 5.5, 5.5, and 7% have positive Tinel’s test, Phalen’s test, compression test, and Phalen’s + compression test respectively at 9 months; however, these numbers are 14.1, 13.3, 10.9, and 14.1% at 3 months postoperatively in contrast to 3.1% of ART which is statistically significant.

Table 3 Pre- and postoperative tests results among case group
Full size table

Discussion

Carpal tunnel syndrome is usually diagnosed in a clinical basis; after taking history that suggests the condition, common provocative easy tests as Phalen’s and Tinel’s tests are usually used to ascertain the diagnosis. Electrodiagnostic studies are routinely used in our department before a decision for surgery is employed. Meticulous history and physical examination are usually sufficient to have a sure clinical diagnosis of CTS and make initial treatment decisions. However, electrodiagnostic studies can confirm the clinical impression of CTS, which is reassuring for both the patient and physician [2].

Sensitivity and specificity of Tinel’s and Phalen’s tests were variable in different studies (Tinel’s test had a sensitivity of 48–77% and a specificity of 47–84%, and Phalen’s test had a sensitivity of 28–61% and a specificity of 80–94%) [8]. This difference in results may be due to the fact that these tests depend on the way they are performed, and this varied between examiners [5]. Tinel’s test was described as a non-useful test in comparison to Phalen’s in diagnosing CTS [9].

And others suggested combining results of both Tinel’s and Phalen’s tests to obtain up to 90% sensitivity [10, 11].

In this study, Phalen’s test was done as usual with flexion of the wrist to 90° in an unforced manner, but we performed Tinel’s test using gentle percussion using a rubber hammer to uniform the shape and force of the percussion tip. However, compression test had some personal variety as some of our patients had delicate hands easily compressed and others had tough hands especially manual workers.

Patients usually experienced pain in hand elevation position such as holding mobile to the ear, combing their hair, writing on a board, and painting of ceilings. In the arm raising test, it is done only by giving an instruction to the patient. It is an easy test to perform, no equipment needed or examiner work. However, the arm raising test may be difficult in patients with shoulder problem, and it may aggravate a thoracic outlet syndrome, but in this condition, symptoms are produced along the ulnar side [5].

ART was found to have a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 99% in one report [4]; in another report, sensitivity and specificity were 88 and 98% respectively [5]; and another study reported sensitivity as 98.6% and specificity as 91.4% [6]. In these studies, the arm raising test was superior to other clinical tests [4,5,6] and even reported to be comparable to a combination of four clinical provocative tests [6]. In our study, it had a sensitivity of 88.3% and specificity of 97.1%. Also results of our study are comparable to these studies as regards positive and negative predictive values.

So it was also clear in our study that the arm raising test provides the best contribution to the diagnosis of CTS, adding to its simplicity.

ART and Phalen’s test were found superior to Tinel’s test in postoperative evaluation [5]. Our study following the patients postoperatively at 3, 6, and 9 months showed that ART is superior to all tests in detecting improvement followed by Phalen’s and compression tests. Tinel’s test should not be used to assess early improvement.

Conclusions

Arm raising test is a simple, reliable, and easily performed test for evaluating carpal tunnel syndrome; it is superior to other tests and could be used also to assess improvement after surgery. We recommended its use as a valid clinical test.