Advertisement

BMC Research Notes

, 11:227 | Cite as

Arabidopsis mutants may represent recombinant introgression lines

  • Narendra Singh Yadav
  • Janardan Khadka
  • Gideon Grafi
Open Access
Research note
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Objectives

It is a common practice in Arabidopsis to transfer a mutation generated in one genetic background to other genetic background via crossing. However, the drawback of this methodology is unavoidable presence of genomic fragments from the donor parent being often replacing desirable genomic fragments of the recurrent parent. Here, we highlighted problem of Arabidopsis mutants being recombinant introgression lines that can lead to unreliable and misinterpreted results.

Results

We studied the regulation of low copy number transposable elements Tag1 and Evelknievel (EK), located at the end of the bottom arm of chromosome 1 and both are present in the Arabidopsis Landsberg erecta (Ler) but not in Columbia (Col) ecotype. Using various epigenetic mutants (cmt3, ddm1, kyp2, ago4, rdr2 hen1 etc.), we found that certain mutants in the Ler background are deficient of Tag1 or EK or both and represent recombinant introgression lines whereby chromosomal regions from Col have been recombined into the Ler genome. Our data support a recent proposal calling for formulating standards for authentication of plant lines that are used in plant research. Most important is to verify that a given trait or genomic locus under study is correctly identified, particularly when using mutants generated by crossing.

Keywords

Arabidopsis thaliana Ler ecotype Columbia ecotype Evelknievel retroelement Tag1 transposable element cmt3 kyp2 ago4 ddm1 Recombinant introgression lines Backcrossing 

Abbreviations

CMT1

chromomethylase1

CMT3

chromomethylase3

DDM1

decrease in DNA methylation1

Ler

Landsberg erecta

Col

Columbia

AGO4

argonaute4

EK

Evelknievel

KYP/SUVH4

kryptonite/suppressor of variegation homolog4

RdDM

RNA dependent DNA methylation

Introduction

Contamination and misidentification of cell lines is a common, long-standing problem in medical research calling for establishing proper controls and standards for cell culture authentication [1]. Obviously, studies that are conducted with misidentified cell lines are deceptive, misconceived by the scientific community adding disinformation to the literature that might affect future studies [2]. In a recent letter, Bergelson et al. [3] raised a concern regarding the identity of the plant genetic material used by plant biologists including transgenic lines, mutants, or accessions claiming that plant lines “may not be what they are supposed to be”. The authors suggested formulating standards for validation of genetic stocks to avoid contamination and misidentification of genetic material used in plant research. Indeed, a recent report demonstrated SNP match as an efficient tool for genotyping Arabidopsis stock collections [4]. Here we highlight the necessity for developing standards for genotyping and identification of plant material by describing a special case whereby mutant lines in the Arabidopsis thaliana Landsberg erecta (Ler) genetic background appear to be recombinant introgression lines between Ler and Columbia (Col) ecotypes where desirable genomic regions of Ler were replaced by the corresponding, yet undesirable genomic regions of Col ecotype.

Main text

Materials and methods

Plant materials

We studied wild type Col and Ler, as well as mutants in the Ler background, namely, ddm1 (Ler background CSHL-GT24941), cmt3–7 (CS6365, provided by Autran) and kyp2 (CS6367, provided by Autran), hen1 (provided by Mlotshwa, V. Vance lab) and rdr2 hen1 double mutant (Bin Yu lab). In addition, five ago4-1 lines (Ler background) obtained from various labs were analyzed including ago4-1a (Zilberman lab, University of California, Berkeley, USA; ABRC CS6364), ago4-1b and ago4-1c (Daphne Autran lab, IRD, University of Montpllier, France; ABRC CS6364), ago4-1d (Judith Bender lab, Brown University, USA; ABRC CS6364) and ago4-1e (Caroline Dean, John Innes Centre, UK). All Arabidopsis thaliana lines, were grown in a controlled growth room under long day photoperiod (16 h light and 8 h dark, light intensity 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1) at 22 °C ± 2 and 70% humidity.

DNA isolation and PCR analysis

DNA was extracted from wild type and mutant leaves using Genomic DNA Mini kit (Cat. No. GP100, Geneaid, Taiwan). This DNA was subjected to PCR to amplify the Tag1, Evelknievel (EK), indel-1, indel-7, indel-9 and nga225 (for primer sequences see Additional file 1). PCR conditions were 95 °C, 5 min; 30–40 cycles of 95 °C, 30 s; 60 °C, 30 s; 72 °C, 30 s; followed by 72 °C, 5 min. PCR products were resolved on 1.5% agarose (SeaKem LE AGAROSE Cat. No. 50004, Lonza, USA) gel stained with ethidium bromide. The PCR analysis repeated at least three times.

Results and discussion

In an attempt to gain insight into the mechanism(s) by which transposable elements are activated in the course of protoplasting-induced cell dedifferentiation, we have shown previously that the class II, low-copy-number Tag1 transposable elements (TEs), which exist in Ler but not in Columbia (Col) ecotype is activated in dedifferentiating protoplasts and that CMT3 appears to be the major factor controlling their activity via inducing gene body CHG methylation [5]. Two copies of Tag1 elements are situated close to each other at the end of bottom arm of chromosome 1 (between At1g69650 and At1g69850 loci). Since CMT3 and KYP/SUVH4 act together to reinforce silencing of certain TEs [6], we wanted to address the involvement of KYP/SUVH4 in the regulation of Tag1 elements. We obtained kyp2 mutant in the Ler background (CS6367 or NASC id: 6367) and to our surprise, our analysis revealed that Tag1 elements are not present in this mutant line (Fig. 1a, Tag1 panel) and we assumed that we got a kyp mutant line in the Col background by mistake. Furthermore, to reveal the possible involvement of RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) in silencing of Tag1 elements we obtained five ago4-1 mutants in the Ler background from various labs most of them appear to be related to CS6364 or NASC id 6364. Surprisingly, out of the five, four ago4-1(a–d) mutants were deficient of the Tag1 transposons (Fig. 1a, Tag1 panel) leading us to assume that these mutants are either in the Col genetic background or that Tag1 elements were eliminated from genome in these mutants. To confirm that the genetic background of ago4-1 and kyp2/suvh4 mutants is indeed Ler, we used three markers reported previously to distinguish Ler from the Col ecotype including Evelknievel (EK) a copia-like retroelement inserted within the CMT1 gene (At1g80740), which exist in Ler but not in Col genome and is localized at sub-telomeric region of bottom arm of chromosome 1 [7]. In addition we used microsatellite nga225 [8] and indel-1 marker (NCBI accession no. EU737117) [9]. All markers (Fig. 1a) clearly confirmed that kyp2/suvh4 mutant is in the Ler background supporting the hypothesis that Tag1 may have been eliminated from genome due to lack of KYP/SUVH4 HMTase. Surprisingly, however, while indel-1 and nga225 confirmed that all ago4 mutant lines are in the Ler background, Tag1 and EK were absent in ago4-1 mutants (Fig. 1a, EK panel) leading to the erroneous initial conclusion that AGO4 might be required for maintaining low copy number class I (EK) and class II (Tag1) TEs in the Arabidopsis genome.
Fig. 1

Genotyping of kyp2 and ago4-1 mutants. a PCR analysis of the indicated markers known to distinguish Ler from Col. Five ago4-1 lines obtained from various labs (named as a, b, c, d and e) and kyp2 mutant were analyzed. Four ago4-1 lines (a–d) do not contain both Tag1 and EK, while kyp2 mutant contains EK only. Note that only ago4-1e possesses the authentic chromosome 1 bottom arm of Ler containing both Tag1 and EK. b Schematic representation demonstrating the recombinant nature of kyp2 and ago4-1 mutant lines. Red boxes represent chromosomal fragments related to Col genotype. The TAIR Chromosome Map Tool was used to make positional genome map of these polymorphic markers and the nearest gene locus TAIR id is shown. EK Evelknievel retroelement

We were aware that a common practice in generation of mutants in various Arabidopsis accessions is by crossing a mutant line in one genetic background with another accession followed by backcrossing to recover the mutation in the new genotypic background. Indeed, some mutants in the Ler background were actually generated via hybridization of Ler with Col mutants e.g. rdr2-1 hen1-2 double mutant [10] while in others, the crossing with Col background has been carried out to map Ler background mutants (e.g. ago4-1 and kyp2). However, the drawback of this methodology is the unavoidable formation of recombinant introgression lines where Col chromosomal regions are recombined into the Ler genome. Thus, we hypothesized that ago4-1 and kyp2 mutants in the Ler background might represent recombinant introgression lines whereby fragments of the bottom arm of chromosome 1 from Col have been recombined into the Ler genome. To assess this possibility, we selected two additional indel markers including indel-7 located at the bottom arm of chromosome 1 between Tag1 and EK elements and indel-9 on bottom arm of chromosome 1 near At1g61590 gene locus (Fig. 1b). The results showed that while indel-9 marker clearly identified kyp2 and all ago4-1 mutant lines as Ler background, indel-7 marker, which is associated with the chromosomal region under study, was identical to WT Col ecotype supporting the hypothesis that chromosomal fragments derived from the bottom arm of chromosome 1 of Col have been recombined into the Ler genome in ago4-1 (a-d) and kyp2 mutants (Fig. 1b). Furthermore, in kyp2 mutant Tag1 marker is absent and indel-7 is of Col origin, but EK is present suggesting that this region containing the Tag1 elements and indel-7 DNA sequence has been replaced with its corresponding chromosomal region from Col ecotype (Fig. 1b). Notably, indel-7 and indel-9 markers revealed that cmt3, ddm1 and hen1 mutants have the authentic Ler chromosome 1 bottom arm; rdr2 hen1 double mutant displays Ler background with indel-7 marker, but Col with indel-9 marker (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2

Genotyping of various mutants in the Ler background. a PCR analysis of the indel-7 and indel-9 markers in hen1, rdr2 hen1, cmt3 and ddm1. PCR analysis of wild type Ler and Col was used as a reference. Amplified fragments related to Col or Ler are indicated by arrows. Note that rdr2 hen1 double mutant displays Ler background with indel-7 marker but Col with indel-9 marker. b Schematic representation demonstrating the recombinant nature of rdr2 hen1 mutant line. Red boxes represent chromosomal fragments related to the Col genotype. The TAIR Chromosome Map Tool was used to make positional genome map of these polymorphic markers and the nearest gene locus TAIR id is shown

Thus as recently suggested [3] it should be made mandatory to verify the identity of plant genetic stocks that are used by plant biologists. Particular attention should be given to plant lines where a mutation in one genetic background is transferred into another background by means of crossing/backcrossing. Validating the genotypic background is possible by using various polymorphic markers that can distinguish between Arabidopsis ecotypes including Microsatellite and indel markers ([7, 8, 9, 11]; Fig. 3). More polymorphic markers for genotyping of Arabidopsis strains can be find at TAIR website under ‘TAIR Marker Search’ (http://www.arabidopsis.org/servlets/Search?type=marker&action=new_search). Recently, Pisupati et al. [4] have developed SNP match tool that identifies Arabidopsis strains by matching them to a SNP database (https://arageno.gmi.oeaw.ac.at/). In conclusion, it is important to verify that a given trait or genomic locus under study is correctly identified.
Fig. 3

Schematic representation of various polymorphic markers positions on chromosomes to distinguish Arabidopsis Col and Ler ecotype. The 30 microsatellite loci [8], 16 indels loci [9], two Tag1 loci [11], one Evelknievel (EK) locus [7] and some polymorphic markers from TAIR Marker Search (http://www.arabidopsis.org/servlets/Search?type=marker&action=new_search) are shown. The TAIR Chromosome Map Tool was used to make positional genome map of these polymorphic markers and the nearest gene locus TAIR id is shown

Limitations

Our study is limited to the genomic locus containing the transposable elements Tag1 and Evelknievel, which are located at the end of the bottom arm of chromosome 1 of Arabidopsis thaliana WT Ler ecotype; these TEs are not present in the WT Col ecotype. Thus our study is limited to the analysis of only these TEs; other TEs in other chromosomal regions were not studied. In this study, we have verified various epigenetic mutants for introgression only at the bottom arm of chromosome 1, but we didn’t test the possibility for introgression in other chromosomal loci. We assembled a practical tool of various polymorphic markers covering large part of the Arabidopsis genome that can be used for the assessment of introgression between Arabidopsis ecotypes. The work is also limited to only mutant lines used in this study and derived from crosses between Ler and Col ecotypes.

Notes

Authors’ contributions

NSY and JK carried out all assays; NSY, JK and GG design experiments, analyzed and conceived the data, wrote the draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We thank Daphne Autran (IRD, University of Montpllier, France), Caroline Dean (John Innes Centre, UK), Assaf Zemach (Zilberman lab, University of California, Berkeley, USA), Judith Bender (Brown University, USA), Bin Yu (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA), Sizolwenkosi Mlotshwa and Vicki Vance (University of South Carolina, USA) and the ABRC for providing mutant lines. We also thank A. Zemach for discussing the results.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

All data is given in the main body of the manuscript; materials are available from the authors.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by the Israel Science Foundation [175/12 to GG]; the Blaustein Center for Scientific Cooperation post-doctoral fellowship to NSY; PBC Program of Israeli Council for Higher Education for post-doctoral fellowship to NSY.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary material

13104_2018_3326_MOESM1_ESM.docx (18 kb)
Additional file 1. List of primers used in this study.

References

  1. 1.
    Hughes P, Marshall D, Reid Y, Parkes H, Gelber C. The costs of using unauthenticated, over-passaged cell lines: how much more data do we need? Biotechniques. 2007;43:575–86.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Lorsch JR, Collins FS, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Fixing problems with cell lines. Science. 2014;346:1452–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Bergelson J, Buckler ES, Ecker JR, Nordborg M, Weigel D. A proposal regarding best practices for validating the identity of genetic stocks and the effects of genetic variants. Plant Cell. 2016;28:606–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Pisupati R, Reichardt I, Seren Ü, Korte P, Nizhynska V, Kerdaffrec E, Uzunova K, Rabanal FA, Filiault DL, Nordborg M. Verification of Arabidopsis stock collections using SNP match, a tool for genotyping high-plexed samples. Sci Data. 2017;4:170184.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Khan A, Yadav NS, Morgenstern Y, Zemach A, Grafi G. Activation of Tag1 transposable elements in Arabidopsis dedifferentiating cells and their regulation by CHROMOMETHYLASE 3-mediated CHG methylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech. 2016;1859:1289–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Law JA, Jacobsen SE. Establishing, maintaining and modifying DNA methylation patterns in plants and animals. Nat Rev Genet. 2010;11:204–20.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Henikoff S, Comai L. A DNA methyltransferase homolog with a chromodomain exists in multiple polymorphic forms in Arabidopsis. Genetics. 1998;149:307–18.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Bell CJ, Ecker JR. Assignment of 30 microsatellite loci to the linkage map of Arabidopsis. Genomics. 1994;19:137–44.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Ziolkowski PA, Koczyk G, Galganski L, Sadowski J. Genome sequence comparison of Col and Ler lines reveals the dynamic nature of Arabidopsis chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37:3189–201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Yu B, Bi L, Zhai J, Agarwal M, Li S, Wu Q, Ding SW, Meyers BC, Vaucheret H, Chen X. siRNAs compete with miRNAs for methylation by HEN1 in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38:5844–50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Tsay YF, Frank MJ, Page T, Dean C, Crawford NM. Identification of a mobile endogenous transposon in Arabidopsis thaliana. Science. 1993;260(5106):342–4.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben-GurionIsrael

Personalised recommendations