Abstract.
Over the last several decades, extensive experimental and theoretical work has been done on the giant dipole resonance (GDR) in excited nuclei covering a wide range of temperature (T), angular momentum (J) and nuclear mass. A reasonable stability of the GDR centroid energy and an increase of the GDR width with T (in the range \( \sim 1 - 3\) MeV) and J are the two well-established results. Some experiments have indicated the saturation of the GDR width at high T . The gradual disappearance of the GDR vibration at much higher T has been observed. Experiments on the Jacobi transition and the GDR built on superdeformed shapes at high rotational frequencies have been reported in a few cases. Theoretical calculations on the damping of the collective dipole vibration, characterised by the GDR width, have been carried out within various models such as the thermal shape fluctuation model and the phonon damping model. These models offer different interpretations of the variation of the GDR width with T and J and have met with varying degrees of success in explaining the experimental data. In this review, the present experimental and theoretical status in this field will be discussed along with the future outlook. The interesting phenomenon of the pre-equilibrium GDR excitation in nuclear reactions will be briefly addressed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Bohr, B.R. Mottelson, Nuclear Structure, Vols. I (W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1969) and II (W.A. Benjamin, 1975)
D.M. Brink, Oxford Doctoral Thesis (1955) unpublished
P. Axel, Phys. Rev. 126, 671 (1962)
R.G. Allas, S.S. Hanna, L. Meyer-Schutzmeister, R. Segel, Nucl. Phys. 58, 122 (1964)
F.S. Dietrich, J.C. Browne, W.J. O’Connel, M.J. Kay, Phys. Rev. C 10, 795 (1974)
J.O. Newton, B. Herskind, R.M. Diamond, E.L. Dines, J.E. Draper, K.H. Lindenberger, C. Schuck, S. Shih, F.S. Stephens, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1383 (1981)
M.N. Harakeh, A. van der Woude, Giant Resonances: Fundamental High-Frequency Modes of Nuclear Excitation (Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, 2001)
A. Vlasov, J. Phys. (USSR) 9, 25 (1945)
L.D. Landau, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 30, 1058 (1956) (Sov. Phys. JETP 3
L.D. Landau, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 59 (1957) (Sov. Phys. JETP 5
C. Fiolhais, Ann. Phys. 171, 186 (1986)
N. Auerbach, A. Yeverechyahu, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 95, 35 (1975)
P.F. Bortignon, A. Bracco, R.A. Broglia, Giant Resonances: Nuclear Structure at Finite Temperature (Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 1998)
K.A. Snover, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 36, 545 (1986)
J.J. Gaardhøje, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 42, 483 (1992)
P. Paul, M. Thoennessen, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 44, 65 (1994)
D. Santonocito, Y. Blumenfeld, Eur. Phys. J. A 30, 183 (2006)
J.L. Egido, P. Ring, J. Phys. G 19, 1 (1993)
H. Hofmann, The Physics of Warm Nuclei and of Mesoscopic Systems (Oxford University Press, London, 2005)
A. Schiller, M. Thoennessen, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 93, 549 (2007)
D. Santonocito et al., Phys. Rev. C 90, 054603 (2014)
A. Maj, J.J. Gaardhøje, A. Atac, S. Mitarai, J. Nyberg, A. Virtanen, Nucl. Phys. A 571, 185 (1994)
E. Migneco et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 314, 31 (1992)
S. Mukhopadhyay et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 582, 603 (2007)
W.R. Nelson, H. Hirayama, D.W.O. Rogers, Stanford University Report SLAC 265 (1985)
GEANT4 Collaboration (S. Agostinelli et al.), Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 506, 250 (2003)
A. Musumarra, G. Cardella, A. Di Pietro, S.L. Li, M. Papa, G. Pappalardo, F. Rizzo, S. Tudisco, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 370, 558 (1996)
G. Sletten, Proceedings of the International Seminar on Frontiers of Nuclear Spectroscopy, Kyoto 1992 (World Scientific, Singapore, 1993) p. 129
D. Bazzacco, Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Structure at High Angular Momentum, Ottawa, 1992, Vol. 2, Proc. AECL-10613
G. de Angelis, A. Bracco, D. Curien, Europhys. News 34, 181 (2003)
D.R. Chakrabarty, S. Sen, M. Thoennessen, N. Alamanos, P. Paul, J.J. Gaardhøje, Phys. Rev. C 36, 1886 (1987)
A. V. Ignatyuk, G.N. Smirenkin, A.S. Tishin, Yad. Fiz. 21, 485 (1975) (Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 21
W. Reisdorf, Z. Phys. A 300, 227 (1981)
W. E. Ormand, P.F. Bortignon, A. Bracco, R.A. Broglia, Phys. Rev. C 40, 1510 (1989)
S. Shlomo, J.B. Natowitz, Phys. Rev. C 44, 2878 (1991)
R.J. Charity, Phys. Rev. C 82, 014610 (2010)
F. Puhlhofer, Nucl. Phys. A 280, 267 (1977)
J.H. Gundlach, K.A. Snover, C.A. Gossett, M. Kicińska-Habior, K.T. Lesko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2523 (1990)
D.R. Chakrabarty, V.M. Datar, Suresh Kumar, E.T. Mirgule, A. Mitra, V. Nanal, R.G. Pillay, P.C. Rout, J. Phys. G 37, 055105 (2010)
G. Gervais, M. Thoennessen, W.E. Ormand, Phys. Rev. C 58, R1377 (1998)
D. Pierroutsakou, F. Auger, N. Alamanos, P.R.S. Gomes, J.L. Sida, A. Gillibert, N. Frascaria, I. Lhenry, J.C. Roynette, T. Suomijarvi, Nucl. Phys. A 600, 131 (1996)
K. Yoshida, J. Kasagi, H. Hama, M. Sakurai, M. Kodama, K. Farutaka, K. Ieki, W. Galster, T. Kubo, M. Ishihara, Phys. Lett. B 245, 7 (1990)
J. Kasagi et al., Nucl. Phys. A 538, 585 (1992)
J. Kasagi, K. Yoshida, Nucl. Phys. A 569, 195 (1994)
P. Carlos, R. Bergere, H. Beil, A. Lepretre, A. Veyssiere, Nucl. Phys. A 219, 61 (1974)
A.R. Junghans, G. Rusev, R. Schwengner, A. Wagner, E. Groose, Phys. Lett. B 670, 200 (2008)
Deepak Pandit, S. Mukhopadhyay, Srijit Bhattacharya, Surajit Pal, A. De, S.R. Banerjee, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 624, 148 (2010)
M. Mattiuzzi, A. Bracco, F. Camera, W.E. Ormand, J.J. Gaardhøje, A. Maj, B. Million, M. Pignanelli, T. Tveter, Nucl. Phys. A 612, 262 (1997)
M. Thoennessen, E. Ramakrishnan, J.R. Beene, F.E. Bertrand, M.L. Halbert, D.J. Horen, P.E. Mueller, R.L. Varner, Phys. Rev. C 51, 3148 (1995)
S.K. Rathi, D.R. Chakrabarty, V.M. Datar, S. Kumar, E.T. Mirgule, A. Mitra, V. Nanal, H.H. Oza, Phys. Rev. C 67, 024603 (2003)
D.R. Chakrabarty, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 560, 546 (2006)
D.N. Zubarev, Sov. Uspekhi 3, 320 (1960) (Usp. Fiz. Nauk. 71
A.V. Ignatyuk, Izv, Acad. Nauk, Ser. Fiz. 38, 2613 (1974)
A.V. Ignatyuk, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 21, 10 (1975)
M.I. Baznat, A.V. Ignatyuk, N.I. Pyatov, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 30, 493 (1979)
H.M. Sommermann, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 151, 163 (1983)
D. Vautherin, N. Vinh Mau, Phys. Lett. B 50, 162 (1983)
D. Vautherin, N. Vinh Mau, Nucl. Phys. A 422, 140 (1984)
H. Sagawa, G.F. Bertsch, Phys. Lett. B 146, 138 (1984)
P. Ring, L.M. Robledo, J.L. Egido, M. Faber, Nucl. Phys. A 419, 261 (1984)
N. Dinh Dang, J. Phys. G 11, L125 (1985)
N. Dinh Dang, N. Zuy Thang, J. Phys. G 14, 1471 (1988)
L.G. Moretto, Phys. Lett. B 40, 1 (1972)
A.L. Goodman, Nucl. Phys. A 352, 30 (1981)
A.L. Goodman, Phys. Rev. C 29, 1887 (1984)
R. Rossignoli, P. Ring, N.D. Dang, Phys. Lett. B 297, 9 (1992)
N.D. Dang, P. Ring, R. Rossignoli, Phys. Rev. C 47, 606 (1993)
V. Zelevinsky, B.A. Brown, N. Frazier, M. Horoi, Phys. Rep. 276, 85 (1996)
D.J. Dean, S.E. Koonin, K. Langanke, P.B. Radha, Y. Alhassid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2909 (1995)
N. Quang Hung, N. Dinh Dang, Phys. Rev. C 79, 054328 (2009)
N.D. Dang, A. Arima, Phys. Rev. C 68, 014318 (2003)
N. Dinh Dang, V. Zelevinsky, Phys. Rev. C 64, 064319 (2001)
N. Dinh Dang, A. Arima, Phys. Rev. C 67, 014304 (2003)
N. Dinh Dang, Nucl. Phys. A 784, 147 (2007)
N. Dinh Dang, N. Quang Hung, Phys. Rev. C 77, 064315 (2008)
B. Lauritzen, P. Arve, G.F. Bertsch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2835 (1988)
A. Volya, B.A. Brown, V. Zelevinsky, Phys. Lett. B 509, 37 (2001)
N. Dinh Dang, N. Quang Hung, Phys. Rev. C 86, 044333 (2012)
V.G. Soloviev, Theory of Atomic Nuclei: Quasiparticle and Phonons (IOP, Bristol, 1992)
N. Dinh Dang, Nucl. Phys. A 504, 143 (1989)
I. Hamamoto, Nucl. Phys. A 126, 545 (1969)
G.F. Bertsch, P.F. Bortignon, R.A. Broglia, C.H. Dasso, Phys. Lett. B 80, 161 (1979)
P.F. Bortignon, R.A. Broglia, Nucl. Phys. A 371, 405 (1981)
S.P. Kamerdhiev, G.Ya. Tertychny, V.I. Tselyaev, Russ. J. Phys. Elem. Part. At. Nucl. 28, 334 (1997)
P.F. Bortignon, R.A. Broglia, G.F. Bertsch, J. Pacheco, Nucl. Phys. A 460, 149 (1986)
N. Dinh Dang, A. Arima, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4145 (1998)
N.D. Dang, A. Arima, Nucl. Phys. A 636, 427 (1998)
N. Dinh Dang, K. Tanabe, A. Arima, Phys. Rev. C 58, 3374 (1998)
N. Dinh Dang, K. Tanabe, A. Arima, Phys. Lett. B 445, 1 (1998)
N. Dinh Dang, K. Tanabe, A. Arima, Nucl. Phys. A 645, 536 (1999)
N. Dinh Dang, A. Arima, Phys. Rev. C 68, 044303 (2003)
N. Dinh Dang, Phys. Rev. C 85, 064323 (2012)
M. Brack, P. Quentin, Phys. Lett. B 52, 159 (1974)
P. Bonche, S. Levit, D. Vautherin, Nucl. Phys. A 436, 265 (1985)
N. Dinh Dang, M. Ciemała, M. Kmiecik, A. Maj, Phys. Rev. C 87, 054313 (2013)
Cai Yanhuang, M. Di Toro, Phys. Rev. C 39, 105 (1989)
G.F. Burgio, M. Di Toro, Nucl. Phys. A 476, 189 (1988)
A. Smerzi, A. Bonasera, M. Di Toro, Phys. Rev. C 44, 1713 (1991)
M. Di Toro, V.M. Kolomietz, A.B. Larionov, Phys. Rev. C 59, 3099 (1999)
J. Blocki, Y. Boneh, J.R. Nix, J. Randrup, M. Robel, A.J. Sierk, W.J. Swiatucki, Ann. Phys. 113, 330 (1978)
A.A. Abrikosov, I.M. Khalatnikov, Rep. Prog. Phys. 22, 329 (1959)
D. Pines, P. Nozieres, The Theory of Quantum Liquids, Vol. 1 (W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1966)
J.J. Griffin, M. Dworzecka, Phys. Lett. B 156, 39 (1985)
C. Yannouleas, Nucl. Phys. A 439, 336 (1985)
C. Yannouleas, R.A. Broglia, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 217, 105 (1992)
V.M. Kolomietz, S. Shlomo, Phys. Rep. 390, 133 (2004)
V.M. Kolomietz, V.A. Plujko, S. Shlomo, Phys. Rev. C 52, 2480 (1995)
Y. Alhassid, B. Bush, S. Levit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1926 (1988)
W.E. Ormand, P.F. Bortignon, R.A. Broglia, A. Bracco, Nucl. Phys. A 614, 217 (1997)
Y. Alhassid, B. Bush, Nucl. Phys. A 549, 12 (1992)
Y. Alhassid, Nucl. Phys. A 649, 107 (1999)
K. Pomorski, J. Dudek, Phys. Rev. C 67, 044316 (2003)
J. Dudek, K. Pomorski, N. Schunck, N. Dubray, Eur. Phys. J. A 20, 15 (2004)
N. Dubray, J. Dudek, A. Maj, Acta Phys. Pol. B 36, 1161 (2005)
J. Dudek, Phys. Rev. C 23, 920 (1981)
J. Dudek et al., Phys. Rev. C 26, 1712 (1982)
D. Kusnezov, Y. Alhassid, K.A. Snover, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 542 (1998) and references therein
A. Schiller, M. Thoennessen, K.M. McAlpine, Nucl. Phys. A 788, 231 (2007)
A.K. Rhine Kumar, P. Arumugam, N. Dinh Dang, Phys. Rev. C 90, 044308 (2014)
A.K. Rhine Kumar, P. Arumugam, N. Dinh Dang, Phys. Rev. C 91, 044305 (2015)
A. Ansari, N. Dinh Dang, A. Arima, Phys. Rev. C 63, 024310 (2001)
P. Arumugam, G. Shanmugam, S.K. Patra, Phys. Rev. C 69, 054313 (2004)
P. Arumugam, A. Ganga Deb, S.K. Patra, Eur. Phys. Lett. 70, 313 (2005)
A. Ansari, N. Dinh Dang, A. Arima, Phys. Rev. C 62, 011302(R) (2000)
B.K. Agrawal, A. Ansari, P. Ring, Nucl. Phys. A 165, 183 (1997)
J.A. Draper, J.O. Newton, L.G. Sobotka, H. Lindenberger, G.J. Wozniak, L.G. Moretto, F.S. Stephens, R.M. Diamond, R.J. McDonald, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 434 (1982)
W. Hennerici et al., Nucl. Phys. A 396, 329 (1983)
B. Haas, D.C. Radford, F.A. Beck, T. Byrski, C. Gehringer, J.C. Merdinger, A. Nourredine, Y. Schutz, J.P. Vivien, Phys. Lett. B 120, 79 (1983)
J.J. Gaardhøje, O. Andersen, R.M. Diamond, C. Ellegaard, L. Grodzins, B. Herskind, Z. Sujkowski, P.M. Walker, Phys. Lett. B 139, 273 (1984)
A. Lazzarini, H. Habs, W. Hennerici, R. Kroth, J. Schirmer, V. Metag, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1045 (1984)
Th. Arctaedius, Chr. Bargholtz, R.E. Ekstrom, K. Fransson, B. Ritzen, P.E. Tegner, Phys. Lett. B 158, 205 (1985)
E.F. Garman, K.A. Snover, S.H. Chew, S.K.B. Hesmondhalgh, W.N. Catford, P.M. Walker, Phys. Rev. C 28, 2554 (1983)
J.J. Gaardhøje, C. Ellegaard, B. Herskind, S.G. Steadman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 148 (1984)
C.A. Gossett, K.A. Snover, J.A. Behr, G. Feldman, J.L. Osborne, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1486 (1985)
M. Kicińska-Habior, K.A. Snover, J.A. Behr, C.A. Gossett, Y. Alhassid, N. Whelan, Phys. Lett. B 308, 225 (1993)
M. Kicińska-Habior, K.A. Snover, C.A. Gossett, J.A. Behr, G. Feldman, H.K. Glatzel, J.H. Gundlach, Phys. Rev. C 36, 612 (1987)
Z.M. Drebi, K.A. Snover, A.W. Charlop, M.S. Kaplan, D.P. Wells, D. Ye, Y. Alhassid, Phys. Rev. C 52, 578 (1995)
G. Viesti et al., Phys. Rev. C 40, R1570 (1989)
M. Kicińska-Habior, K.A. Snover, J.A. Behr, C.A. Gossett, J.H. Gundlach, G. Feldman, Phys. Rev. C 45, 569 (1992)
J.J. Gaardhøje, C. Ellegaard, B. Herskind, R.M. Diamond, M.A. Deleplanque, G. Dines, A.O. Macchiavelli, F.S. Stephens, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1783 (1986)
A. Bracco, F. Camera, M. Mattiuzzi, B. Million, M. Pignanelli, J.J. Gaardhøje, A. Maj, T. Ramsoy, T. Tveter, Z. Zelanzy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3748 (1995)
E. Ramakrishnan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2015 (1996)
T. Baumann et al., Nucl. Phys. A 635, 428 (1998) and references therein
G. Viesti et al., Nucl. Phys. A 652, 17 (1999)
Ph. Chomaz, Nucl. Phys. A 569, 203 (1994)
Ph. Chomaz, Phys. Lett. B 347, 1 (1995)
P. Heckman et al., Phys. Lett. B 555, 43 (2003)
A. Bracco et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2080 (1989)
J.J. Gaardhøje, A.M. Bruce, B. Herskind, Nucl. Phys. A 482, 121 (1988)
S.S. Dietrich, B.L. Berman, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 38, 199 (1988)
M.P. Kelly, K.A. Snover, J.P.S. van Schagen, M. Kicińska-Habior, Z. Trznadel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3404 (1999)
M.P. Kelly, J.F. Liang, A.A. Sonzogni, K.A. Snover, J.P.S. van Schagen, J.P. Lestone, Phys. Rev. C 56, 3201 (1997)
D.R. Chakrabarty, M. Thoennessen, S. Sen, P. Paul, R. Butsch, M.G. Herman, Phys. Rev. C 37, 1437 (1988)
A.M. Bruce, J.J. Gaardhøje, B. Herskind, R. Chapman, J.C. Lisle, F. Khazaie, J.N. Mo, P.J. Twin, Phys. Lett. B 215, 237 (1988)
A. Stolk, M.N. Harakeh, W.H.A. Hesselink, H.J. Hofmann, R.F. Noorman, J.P.S. van Schagen, Z. Sujkowski, H. Verheul, M.J.A. de Voigt, D.J.P. Witte, Phys. Rev. C 40, R2454 (1988)
J.P.S. van Schagen et al., Phys. Lett. B 308, 231 (1993)
J.P.S. van Schagen, M.N. Harakeh, W.H.A. Hesselink, R.F. Noorman, Nucl. Phys. A 581, 145 (1995)
R.F. Noorman et al., Phys. Lett. B 292, 257 (1992)
R.F. Noorman et al., Nucl. Phys. A 574, 501 (1994)
S. Flibotte, B. Haas, P. Taras, H.R. Andrews, D.C. Radford, D. Ward, Nucl. Phys. A 531, 205 (1991)
M. Gallardo, M. Diebel, T. Dossing, R.A. Broglia, Nucl. Phys. A 443, 415 (1985)
D.R. Chakrabarty, M. Thoennessen, N. Alamanos, P. Paul, S. Sen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1092 (1987)
M. Thoennessen, D.R. Chakrabarty, R. Butsch, M.G. Herman, P. Paul, S. Sen, Phys. Rev. C 37, 1762 (1988)
R. Butsch, M. Thoennessen, D.R. Chakrabarty, M.G. Herman, P. Paul, Phys. Rev. C 41, 1530 (1990)
N. Gelli et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 7, 361 (2000)
D.R. Chakrabarty, V.M. Datar, R.K. Choudhury, B.K. Nayak, Y.K. Agarwal, C.V.K. Baba, M.K. Sharan, Phys. Rev. C 53, 2739 (1996)
A. Atac et al., Phys. Lett. B 252, 545 (1990)
F. Camera et al., Phys. Rev. C 60, 014306 (1999)
M. Mattiuzzi, A. Bracco, F. Camera, B. Million, M. Pignanelli, J.J. Gaardhøje, A. Maj, T. Ramsoy, T. Tveter, Z. Zelanzy, Phys. Lett. B 364, 13 (1995)
M. Thoennessen et al., Phys. Lett. B 282, 288 (1992)
T.S. Tveter et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1035 (1996) and references therein
M. Kmiecik, A. Maj, A. Bracco, F. Camera, M. Casanova, S. Leoni, B. Million, B. Herskind, R.A. Bark, W.E. Ormand, Nucl. Phys. A 674, 29 (2000)
M. Kmiecik et al., Phys. Rev. C 70, 064317 (2004)
Srijit Bhattacharya et al., Phys. Rev. C 77, 024318 (2008)
Ish Mukul et al., Phys. Rev. C 88, 024312 (2013)
Ish Mukul et al., J. Phys. G 41, 115103 (2014)
O. Wieland et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 012501 (2006)
R.J. Vojtech, R. Butsch, V.M. Datar, M.G. Herman, R.L. McGrath, P. Paul, M. Thoennessen, Phys. Rev. C 40, R2441 (1989)
M. Ciemała et al., Phys. Rev. C 91, 054313 (2015)
F. Gramegna et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 389, 474 (1997)
M. Bruno et al., Eur. Phys. J A 49, 128 (2013)
M. Ciemała, M. Kmiecik, M. Krzysiek, A. Maj, K. Mazurek, R. Charity, D. Mancusi, Acta Phys. Pol. B 44, 611 (2013) and references therein
F. Camera et al., Phys. Lett. B 560, 155 (2003)
P. Heckman et al., Nucl. Phys. A 750, 175 (2005)
S. Mukhopadhyay et al., Phys. Lett. B 709, 9 (2012)
Deepak Pandit, S. Mukhopadhyay, Surajit Pal, A. De, S.R. Banerjee, Phys. Lett. B 713, 434 (2012)
Balaram Dey et al., Phys. Lett. B 731, 92 (2014)
C. Simenel, Ph. Chomaz, Phys. Rev. C 80, 064309 (2009)
A. Stolk, A. Balanda, M.N. Harakeh, W.H.A. Hesselink, J. Penninga, H. Rijneveld, Nucl. Phys. A 505, 241 (1989)
D.R. Chakrabarty, V. Nanal, V.M. Datar, Suresh Kumar, A. Mitra, E.T. Mirgule, R.G. Pillay, Nucl. Phys. A 770, 126 (2006)
A.K. Rhine Kumar, P. Arumugam, Phys. Rev. C 92, 044314 (2015)
D.R. Chakrabarty, V.M. Datar, Comment on ref. Rhine1, submitted to Phys. Rev. C
Sarla Rathi, Phys. Rev. C 74, 024608 (2006)
R. Beringer, W.J. Knox, Phys. Rev. 121, 1195 (1961)
S. Cohen, F. Plasil, W.J. Swiatecki, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 82, 557 (1974)
W.D. Myers, W.J. Swiatecki, Acta Phys. Pol. B 32, 1033 (2001)
A. Bracco, F. Camera, S. Leoni, Nucl. Phys. A 682, 449 (2001)
A. Maj et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B 32, 2433 (2001)
A. Maj et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 20, 165 (2004)
A. Maj et al., Nucl. Phys. A 731, 319 (2004)
M. Kmiecik et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B 36, 1169 (2005)
Deepak Pandit et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 061302 (2010)
D.R. Chakrabarty et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 044619 (2012)
G. Enders et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 249 (1992)
H.J. Hofmann, J.C. Bacelar, M.N. Harakeh, T.D. Poelhekken, A. van der Woude, Nucl. Phys. A 571, 301 (1994)
R.A. Broglia, P.F. Bortignon, A. Bracco, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 28, 517 (1992)
A. Bonasera, M. Di Toro, A. Smerzi, D.M. Brink, Nucl. Phys. A 569, 215 (1994)
J.J. Gaardhøje et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1409 (1987)
A. Bracco, F. Camera, J.J. Gaardhøje, B. Herskind, M. Pignanelli, Nucl. Phys. A 519, 47 (1990)
J.H. Le Faou et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3321 (1994)
T. Suomijarvi et al., Phys. Rev. C 53, 2258 (1996)
P.F. Bortignon, A. Bracco, D. Brink, R.A. Broglia, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3360 (1991)
A. Smerzi, M. Di Toro, D.M. Brink, Phys. Lett. B 320, 216 (1994)
P. Piattelli et al., Nucl. Phys. A 649, 181 (1999)
D. Santonocito et al., Phys. Rev. C 66, 044619 (2002)
A. Bonasera, F. Gulminelli, J. Molitoris, Phys. Rep. 243, 1 (1994)
F. Amorini et al., Phys. Rev. C 69, 014608 (2004)
T.M.V. Bootsma, G.J. van Nieuwenhuizen, P.F. Box, R. Kamermans, P.G. Kuijer, C.T.A.M. de Laat, C.J.W. Twenhofel, P. Decowski, K.A. Griffioen, Z. Phys. A 359, 391 (1997)
J.B. Natowitz, R. Wada, K. Hagel, T. Keutgen, M. Murray, A. Makeev, L. Qin, P. Smith, C. Hamilton, Phys. Rev. C 65, 034618 (2002) and references therein
PHENIX Collaboration (K. Adcox et al.), Nucl. Phys. A 757, 184 (2005)
B.B. Back et al., Nucl. Phys. A 757, 28 (2005)
BRAHMS Collaboration (J. Arsene et al.), Nucl. Phys. A 757, 1 (2005)
STAR Collaboration (J. Adams et al.), Nucl. Phys. A 757, 102 (2005)
ALICE Collaboration (K. Arnold et al.), Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 252302 (2010)
ATLAS Collaboration (G. Aad et al.), Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 252303 (2010)
P.K. Kovtun, D.T. Son, A.O. Starinets, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 111601 (2005)
N. Auerbach, S. Shlomo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 172501 (2009)
N. Dinh Dang, Phys. Rev. C 84, 034309 (2011)
K.T.R. Davies, A.J. Sierk, J.R. Nix, Phys. Rev. C 13, 2385 (1976)
L. Campajola et al., Nucl. Phys. A 583, 119 (1995)
M. Sandoli et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 6, 275 (1999)
D. Pierroutsakou et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 16, 423 (2003)
S. Flibotte et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1448 (1996)
J.P. Martin et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 257, 301 (1987) and references therein
M. Colonna, N. Colonna, A. Bonasera, M. DiToro, Nucl. Phys. A 541, 295 (1992)
D. Pierroutsakou et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 17, 71 (2003)
D. Pierroutsakou et al., Phys. Rev. C 71, 054605 (2005)
D. Pierroutsakou et al., Phys. Rev. C 80, 024612 (2009)
V. Baran, M. Cabibbo, M. Colona, M. Di Toro, N. Tsoneva, Nucl. Phys. A 679, 373 (2001)
V. Baran, D.M. Brink, M. Colona, M. Di Toro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 182501 (2001)
M. Thoennessen, J.R. Beene, F.E. Bertrand, C. Baktash, M.L. Halbert, D.J. Horen, D.G. Sarantites, W. Spang, D.W. Stracener, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 4055 (1993) and references therein
M. Cinausero et al., Nuovo Cimento 111, 613 (1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by N. Alamanos
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chakrabarty, D.R., Dinh Dang, N. & Datar, V.M. Giant dipole resonance in hot rotating nuclei. Eur. Phys. J. A 52, 143 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2016-16143-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2016-16143-9