Abstract
Data on the morphology and radiocarbon ages of humus of dark vertic quasigley nonsaline clayey soils with alternating bowl-shaped (Pellic Vertisols (Humic, Stagnic)) and diapiric (Haplic Vertisols (Stagnic, Protocalcic)) structures are discussed, and the genetic concept for these soils is suggested. The studied soils develop on loesslike medium clay in the bottom of a large closed depression on the Eisk Peninsula in the lowest western part of the Kuban–Azov Lowland. The lateral and vertical distribution of humus in the studied gilgai catena displays a lateral transition of a relatively short humus profile of the accumulative type with a maximum near the surface and with a sharp increase in 14C dates of humus in the deeper layers within the diapiric structure to the extremely deep humus profile with a maximum at the depth of 40–80 cm, with similar mean residence time of carbon within this maximum, and with a three times slower increase in 14C dates of humus down the profile within the bowl-shaped structure. The development of the gilgai soil combination is specified by the joint action of the lateral–upward squeezing of the material of the lower horizons from the nodes with an increased horizontal stress toward the zones a decreased horizontal stress, local erosional loss of soil material from the microhighs and its accumulation in the adjacent microlows, leaching of carbonates from the humus horizons in the microlows, and the vertical and lateral ascending capillary migration of the soil solutions with precipitation of calcium carbonates in the soils of microhighs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
L. L. Shishov, V. D. Tonkonogov, I. I. Lebedeva, and M. I. Gerasimova, Classification and Diagnostic System of Russian Soils (Oikumena, Smolensk, 2004) [in Russian].
Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of the Soviet Union (Kolos, Moscow, 1977) [in Russian].
E. A. Kornblyum, I. S. Mikhailov, N. A. Nogina, and V. O. Targulian, Basic Scales of the Properties of Morphological Soil Elements (Dokuchaev Soil Science Inst., Moscow, 1982) [in Russian].
Field Guide for Identification of Russian Soils (Dokuchaev Soil Science Inst., Moscow, 2008) [in Russian].
N. B. Khitrov, Genesis, Diagnostics, Properties, and Functioning of Clayey Swelling Soils of the Central Cis-Caucasus (Dokuchaev Soil Science Inst., Moscow, 2003) [in Russian].
N. B. Khitrov, V. P. Vlasenko, and L. V. Rogovneva, “Statistic indices for bowl-and diapir-like morphostructures in Vertisols of Vorontsovka pad’,” Byull. Pochv. Inst. im. V.V. Dokuchaeva, No. 77, 3–28 (2015).
O. A. Chichagova, Radiocarbon Dating of Soil Humus (Nauka, Moscow, 1985) [in Russian].
O. A. Chichagova, “Modern trends in radiocarbon studies of soil organic matter,” Pochvovedenie, No. 1, 99–110 (1996).
O. A. Chichagova, O. S. Khokhlova, E. P. Zazovskaya, and S. V. Goryachkin, “Radiocarbon analysis and soil memory,” in Soil Memory: Soil as a Memory of Biosphere–Geosphere–Anthroposphere Interactions, Ed. by V. O. Targulian and S. V. Goryachkin (LKI, Moscow, 2008), Chap. 7, pp. 182–204.
Evolution of Soils and the Soil Cover: Theory, Diversity of Natural Evolution and Anthropogenic Transformation of Soils, Ed. by V. N. Kudeyarov and I. V. Ivanov (GEOS, Moscow, 2015) [in Russian].
S. Arai, T. Hatta, U. Tanaka, K. Hayamizu, K. Kigoshi, and O. Ito, “Characterization of the organic components of an Alfisol and a Vertisol in adjacent locations in Indian semi-arid tropics using optical spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and 14C dating,” Geoderma 69 (1–2), 59–70 (1996).
P. Becker-Heidmann, O. Andresen, D. Kalmar, H. W. Scharpenseel, and D. H. Yaalon, “Carbon dynamics in Vertisols as revealed by high-resolution sampling,” Radiocarbon 44 (1), 63–73 (2002).
G. Blackburn, J. R. Sleeman, and H. W. Scharpenseel, “Radiocarbon measurements and soil micromorphology as guides in the formation of gilgai at Kaniva, Victoria,” Austral. J. Soil Res. 17, 1–15 (1979).
C. Castanha, S. Trumbore, and R. Amundson, “Methods of separating soil carbon pools affect the chemistry and turnover time of isolated fractions,” Radiocarbon 50, 83–97 (2008).
C. E. Coulombe, L. P. Wilding, and J. B. Dixon, “Overview of Vertisols: characteristics and impacts on society,” Adv. Agron. 57, 289–375 (1996).
H. Eswaran, F. H. Beinroth, P. F. Reich, and L. A. Quandt, “Vertisols: their properties, classification, distribution and management,” in The Guy D. Smith Memorial Slide Collection (US Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1999).
J. B. Gaudinski, S. E. Trumbore, E. A. Davidson, and S. H. Zheng, “Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest: radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times, sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes,” Biogeochemistry 51, 33–69 (2000).
E. G. Hallsworth, G. K. Robertson, and F. R. Gibbons, “Studies in pedogenesis in New South Wales. VII. The “gilgai” soils,” J. Soil Sci. 6 (1), 1–31 (1955).
USS Working Group WRB, World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps, World Soil Resources Reports No. 106 (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 2015).
D. S. Jenkinson, D. E. Adams, and A. Wild, “Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming,” Nature 351, 351–304 (1991).
N. Khitrov, L. Rogovneva, Y. Cheverdin, D. Rukhovich, and V. Vlasenko, “Types and distribution of soil cover patterns with gilgai topography in Russia,” International Soil Science Congress on “Soil Science in International Year of Soils 2015”, October 19–23, 2015, Abstracts of Papers (Sochi, 2015), pp. 206–208.
I. Kovda, W. Lynn, D. Williams, and O. Chichagova, “Radiocarbon age of Vertisols and its interpretation using data on gilgai complex in the North Caucasus,” Radiocarbon 43 (2), 603–609 (2001).
I. Kovda, E. Morgun, and T. W. Boutton, “Vertic process and specificity of organic matter properties and distribution on Vertisols,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 43, 1467–1476 (2010).
W. F. Libby, Radiocarbon Dating (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1955).
B. Maxwell, “Influence of horizontal stresses on gilgai landforms,” J. Geotech. Eng. 120, 1437–1444 (1994).
B. Maxwell, “The origin of hog-wallows and gilgai landforms—Part 1, 2013. http://thecosmiccornerblogspotru/2013/10/the-origin-of-hogwalllows-and-gilgai.html.
W. G. Mook and J. van der Plicht, “Reporting 14C activities and concentrations,” Radiocarbon 41, 227–239 (1999).
D. C. Olk and E. G. Gregorich, “Overview of the symposium proceedings, “Meaningful pools in determining soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70, 967–974 (2006).
W. J. Parton, D. S. Schimel, C. V. Cole, and D. S. Ojima, “Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51, 1173–1179 (1987).
I. R. Paton, “Origin and terminology for gilgai in Australia,” Geoderma 11, 221–242 (1974).
E. Paul, S. Morris, R. Conant, and A. Plante, “Does the acid hydrolysis-incubation method measure meaningful soil organic carbon pools?” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70, 1023–1035 (2006).
P. J. Reimer, E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J. W. Beck, P. G. Blackwell, C. Bronk Ramsey, C.E. Buck, R. L. Edwards, M. Friedrich, P. M. Grootes, T. P. Guilderson, I. Hajdas, C. Hatté, T. J. Heaton, H. Haflidason, et al., “Intcal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50.000 years cal BP,” Radiocarbon 55 (3), 1869–1887 (2013).
H. W. Scharpenseel and P. Becker-Heidman, “Shifts in 14C patterns of soil profiles due to bomb carbon, including effects of morphogenetic and turbation processes,” Radiocarbon 31 (3), 627–636(1989).
H. W. Scharpenseel and P. Becker-Heidman, “Twentyfive years of radiocarbon dating soils: Paradigm of erring and learning,” Radiocarbon 34 (3), 541–549 (1992).
H. W. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, H. Schiffman, and P. Becker-Heidman, “Radiocarbon dating of soils: database contribution by Bonn and Hamburg,” Radiocarbon 38 (2), 277–293 (1996).
H. W. Scharpenseel and F. Pietig, “University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements III,” Radiocarbon 12 (1), 19–39 (1970).
H. W. Scharpenseel and F. Pietig, “University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements IV,” Radiocarbon 13 (2), 189–212 (1971).
H. W. Scharpenseel and F. Pietig, “University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements V,” Radiocarbon 15 (1), 13–41 (1973).
H. W. Scharpenseel and F. Pietig, “University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements VI,” Radiocarbon 15 (2), 252–279 (1973).
H. W. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, and H. Schiffman, “Hamburg University radiocarbon dates I,” Radiocarbon 18 (3), 268–289 (1976).
H. W. Scharpenseel, H. Schiffman, and P. Becker, “Hamburg University radiocarbon dates IV,” Radiocarbon 26 (3), 367–383 (1984).
H. W. Scharpenseel, H. Schiffman, and B. Hintze, “Hamburg University radiocarbon dates III,” Radiocarbon 26 (2), 196–205 (1984).
S. Stephan, J. Berrier, A. A. De Petre, C. Jeanson, M. J. Kooistra, H. W. Scharpenseel and H. Schiffman, “Characterization of in situ organic matter constituents in Vertisols from Argentina, using submicroscopic and cytochemical methods: first report,” Geoderma 30, 21–34 (1983).
M. Stuiver and H. Polach, “Discussion: reporting of 14C data,” Radiocarbon 19 (3), 355–363 (1977).
M. S. Torn, P. M. Vitousek, and S. E. Trumbore, “The influence of nutrient availability on soil organic matter turnover estimated by incubations and radiocarbon modeling,” Ecosystems 8, 352–372 (2005).
S. E. Trumbore, “Comparison of carbon dynamics in tropical and temperate soils using radiocarbon measurements,” Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 275–290 (1993).
S. Trumbore, “Radiocarbon and soil carbon dynamics,” Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 37, 47–66 (2009).
S. E. Trumbore, J. S. Vogel, and J. R. Southon, “AMS 14C measurements of fractionated soil organic matter: an approach to deciphering the soil carbon cycle,” Radiocarbon 31, 644–654 (1989).
S. E. Trumbore and S. H. Zheng, “Comparison of fractionation methods for soil organic matter C-14 analysis,” Radiocarbon 38, 219–229 (1996).
M. von Lutzowa, I. Kogel-Knabner, K. Ekschmittb, H. Flessa, G. Guggenberger, E. Matzner, and B. Marschner, “SOM fractionation methods: relevance to functional pools and to stabilization mechanisms,” Soil Biol. Biochem. 39, 2183–2207 (2007).
Vertisols: Their Distribution, Properties, Classification and Management, Ed. by L. P. Wilding and R. Puentes (Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 1988).
D. H. Yaalon and D. Kalmar, “Dynamics of cracking and swelling clay soils: displacement of skeletal grains, optimum depth of slickensides, and rate of intra-pedonic turbation,” Earth Surf. Process. 3, 31–42 (1978).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © N.B. Khitrov, E.P. Zazovskaya, L.V. Rogovneva, 2018, published in Pochvovedenie, 2018, No. 7, pp. 773–786.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khitrov, N.B., Zazovskaya, E.P. & Rogovneva, L.V. Morphology, Radiocarbon Age, and Genesis of Vertisols of the Eisk Peninsula (the Kuban–Azov Lowland). Eurasian Soil Sc. 51, 731–743 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229318070050
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229318070050